Agilent Technologies 8712ET Manual de usuario

Option 100 Fault Location and Structural

Return Loss Measurements

Agilent Technologies 8712ET/ES and 8714ET/ES

RF Network Analyzers

User’s Guide Supplement

Part No. 08714-90020

Printed in USA

Print Date: June 2000

Supersedes: October 1999

Notice

The information contained in this document is subject to change without

notice. Agilent Technologies makes no warranty of any kind with regard

tothis material, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of

merchantability and ﬁtness for a particular purpose. Agilent

Technologies shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for

incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing,

performance, or use of this material.

Safety Information

Refer to your analyzer’s User’s Guide for safety, warranty, and assistance

information.

Key Conventions

This manual uses the following conventions:

: This represents a key physically located on the

analyzer (a “hardkey”).

: This indicates a “softkey”—a key whose label is determined

by the instrument’s ﬁrmware, and is displayed on the right side of the

instrument’s screen next to the eight unlabeled keys.

FRONT PANEL KEY

Softkey

iii

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Book Overview

This book documents the use of Option 100 (fault location and structural

return loss (SRL) measurement capability) with the following network

analyzers:

• Agilent Technologies 8712ET/ES

• Agilent Technologies 8714ET/ES

Fault location and SRL measurements can help you test and

troubleshoot 50 ohm or 75 ohm transmission lines. Both fault location

and SRL measurements are used to identify damaged cables.

Fault location is best used to identify single faults greater than −40 dB.

SRL measurements are typically made before a cable has been installed

and are best used to identify many small evenly-spaced imperfections

that may be too small for a fault location measurement to detect.

The following illustration depicts a cable being measured simultaneously

in fault location and SRL modes. The upper display shows a fault

location measurement in the distance domain. The bottom display shows

a structural return loss measurement.

Agilent 8712ET/ES and 8714ET/ES

Network Analyzer

Documentation Map

The CDROM provides the contents of all of the documents

listed below.

The User’s Guide shows how to make measurements,

explains commonly-used features, and tells you how to get

the most performance from the analyzer.

The LAN Interface User’s Guide Supplement shows

how to use a local area network (LAN) for programming and

remote operation of the analyzer.

The Automating Measurements User’s Guide

Supplement provides information on how to conﬁgure and

control test systems for automation of test processes.

The Programmer’s Guide provides programming

information including GPIB and SCPI command references,

as well as short programming examples.

The Example Programs Guide provides a tutorial

introduction using BASIC programming examples to

demonstrate the remote operation of the analyzer.

The Service Guide provides the information needed to

adjust, troubleshoot, repair, and verify analyzer conformance

to published speciﬁcations.

The HP Instrument BASIC User’s Handbook describes

programming and interfacing techniques using

HP Instrument BASIC, and includes a language reference.

The HP Instrument BASIC User’s Handbook

Supplement shows how to use HP Instrument BASIC to

program the analyzer.

The Option 100 Fault Location and Structural Return

Loss Measurements User’s Guide Supplement provides

theory and measurement examples for making fault location

and SRL measurements. (Shipped only with Option 100

analyzers.)

The CATV Quick Start Guide provides abbreviated

instructions for testing the quality of coaxial cables.

(Shipped only with Option 100 analyzers.)

The Cellular Antenna Quick Start Guide provides

abbreviated instructions for verifying the performance of

cellular antenna systems. (Shipped only with Option 100

analyzers.)

Contents

vii

1. Introduction and Measurement Theory

Fault Location Measurement Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

How the Analyzer Converts Frequency Data to Distance Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4

Start/Stop Distance and Frequency Span Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5

Cable Impedance and Structural Return Loss Measurement Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6

Cable Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6

SRL and Periodic Cable Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10

SRL and Discrete Cable Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14

Techniques for Removing Connector Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14

Measurement Uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18

2. Cable Preparation

Cable Preparation Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

Bent Cable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

Deformed Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5

Contaminated Dielectric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7

Damaged Outer Conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9

Non-Flush Cut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11

Recommended Tools and Cables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13

Recommended Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13

Recommended Cables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13

3. Making Fault Location Measurements

How to Make and Interpret Fault Location Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

1. Select Fault Location as the Type of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

2. Enter the Measurement Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

3. Calibrate the Analyzer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

4. Connect the Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

5. Interpret the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10

Example Fault Location Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14

Example 1: Identify Mismatches Expressed as Return Loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14

Example 2: Identify Mismatches as the Magnitude of Reﬂection Coefﬁcient. . . . . 3-16

Example 3: Identify Mismatches at Greater Distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17

4. Making SRL Measurements

How to Make and Interpret SRL Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

viii

Contents

1. Select SRL as the Type of Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-3

2. Calibrate the Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-4

3. Connect the Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-8

4. Determine the Connector Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-8

5. Perform the SRL Cable Scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-16

6. Interpret the SRL Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-19

5. Making Simultaneous Fault Location and SRL Measurements

How to Make Simultaneous Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-4

6. Making Impedance Measurements

How to Make Impedance Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-4

7. Characterizing and Verifying Antenna Systems

Antenna Feedline System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-3

Potential Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-5

Transmission Lines/Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-5

Connectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-6

Typical Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-7

Before Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-8

Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-8

Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-9

Installation and Maintenance Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-10

8. Key Reference

Alphabetical Key Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-3

9. Characteristics

Overview of Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-2

Frequency Range Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-2

Phase Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-2

General Performance Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-3

SRL Measurement Uncertainty vs System Directivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-4

SRL Measurement Uncertainty vs Connector Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-8

Minimizing Measurement Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-8

Contents

Fault Location Distance Range and Resolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12

Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12

Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12

Typical Distance Data in Feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13

Distance Data in Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-16

A. Cable Loss and Velocity Factors

Cable Loss and Velocity Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-2

1-1

1 Introduction and Measurement

Theory

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