Campbell CSAT3BH Manual de usuario

Revision: 01/2022

Campbell Scientific, Inc.

Product Manual

Table of contents

1. Introduction 1

2. Precautions 1

3. Initial inspection 2

4. Overview 3

4.1 Features 4

4.2 Sensor components 4

4.2.1 Standard components 5

4.2.1.1 CSAT3H heater controller box 5

4.2.1.2 Temperature/relative humidity sensor and shield 5

4.2.1.3 CM250 leveling mounting kit 6

4.2.1.4 USB data cable 6

4.2.2 Optional components 7

4.2.2.1 Sonic environment option 7

4.2.2.2 Sonic carrying case 7

4.2.3 Common accessories 8

4.2.3.1 Power and communications cables 8

4.2.3.2 FW05 thermocouple 11

4.2.3.3 FWC-L cable 11

4.2.3.4 Thermocouple cover 12

4.2.3.5 Thermocouple cover backplate 12

4.2.3.6 FW/ENC thermocouple carrying case 12

4.2.4 Other accessories 12

4.2.4.1 Power/SDM splitter 13

4.2.4.2 CPI/RS-485 splitter 14

4.2.4.3 HUB-SDM8 15

4.2.4.4 SDM cable CABLE5CBL-L 16

4.2.4.5 HUB-CPI 16

4.2.4.6 CAT6 Ethernet cable 17

5. Specifications 17

5.1 Measurements 18

5.2 Communications 19

Table of contents - i

5.3 Power requirements 20

5.4 Physical description 21

5.4.1 Sonic anemometer dimensions 21

5.4.2 CSAT3H heater controller box dimensions 22

6. Installation 23

6.1 Introduction 23

6.2 Site considerations 23

6.3 Settings 24

6.3.1 Verify CSAT3BH settings 24

6.3.2 Set up the data logger and CSAT3H heater controller 29

6.4 Mounting 31

6.4.1 Mount the CSAT3BH 31

6.4.2 Mount CSAT3H 33

6.4.3 Mount the temperature/relative humidity probe 34

6.5 Orientation 34

6.5.1 Sonic azimuth 34

6.6 Leveling 36

6.7 Installing additional fast-response sensors 38

6.7.1 Fine-wire thermocouple 38

6.7.2 Other gas analyzers 39

6.8 Wiring 39

6.8.1 Grounding to earth 39

6.8.2 Controller box connections 42

6.8.3 CSAT3H heater controller connections 43

6.9 Communications 44

6.9.1 SDM communications 46

6.10 Multiple CSAT3BH configurations 49

6.10.1 CPI communications 52

6.10.2 RS-485 communications 58

6.10.3 USB 59

6.11 Confirm CSAT3BH factory settings 60

7. Operation 61

7.1 Theory of operation for wind and sonic temperature measurements 61

7.1.1 Algorithm Version 5 62

7.1.2 Effects of crosswind on the speed of sound 62

7.1.3 Sonic transducer shadow correction 63

Table of contents - ii

7.2 Theory of heater controller operation 64

7.3 Operating modes 65

7.3.1 Measurement trigger 66

7.3.2 Data filter 67

7.3.3 CSAT3BH sonic data output 68

7.3.4 Operating mode recommendations 71

7.4 Synchronization with other sensors 71

7.5 Data logger programming using SDM or CPI 73

7.5.1 CSAT3B() 73

7.5.2 CSAT3BMonitor() 75

7.5.3 Diagnostic word 76

7.5.4 SDMTrigger() 77

7.6 Programming 78

7.7 Data logger and CSAT3H heater controller box programs 78

7.8 CSAT3H heater controller output 78

8. Maintenance and troubleshooting 82

8.1 General maintenance 82

8.2 Sonic wicks 83

8.3 Desiccant 85

8.4 Calibration 86

8.4.1 Test for wind offset 86

8.5 Troubleshooting 88

8.5.1 Troubleshooting CSAT3H heater controller box issues 89

8.5.2 Sending an OS to the CSAT3H heater controller box 89

8.5.3 Sending an OS to the CSAT3BH 90

8.6 Returning the CSAT3BH 90

9. References 91

Appendix A. CSAT3BH orientation 92

A.1 Determining true north and sensor orientation 92

A.2 Online magnetic declination calculator 93

Appendix B. CSAT3BH measurement theory 95

B.1 Theory of operation 95

B.1.1 Wind speed 95

B.1.2 Temperature 96

Table of contents - iii

B.2 References 97

Table of contents - iv

1. Introduction

The CSAT3BH is a heated version of the CSAT3B 3-D sonic anemometer with integrated

electronics. This instrument measures sonic temperature and wind speed in three dimensions.

The ultrasonic transducers, chassis, and strut can be heated to keep ice from accumulating on the

instrument. This new heating feature gives the CSAT3BH an advantage over traditional

anemometers and sonic anemometers because data loss will be significantly reduced in areas

that experience frozen precipitation. The CSAT3BH features variable power for the heating

elements by only delivering power to the heaters when needed, as opposed to the common

method of providing two-way heating (on or off). Further, real-time data flags are generated

when the heaters are turned on, which is critical to post-processing the data.

The CSAT3BH can measure average horizontal wind speed and direction, or turbulent

fluctuations of horizontal and vertical wind, and sonic temperature. Further, momentum flux and

sensible heat flux can be calculated from the turbulent wind and sonic temperature fluctuations.

Latent and sensible heat flux and gas fluxes may be determined by computing the covariance

between vertical wind measured by the CSAT3BH and scalar quantities measured by other

appropriate sensors.

Before attempting to use or install the CSAT3BH, please review:

lPrecautions (p. 1)

lInitial inspection (p. 2)

2. Precautions

lREAD AND UNDERSTAND the Safety section at the back of this manual.

lCAUTION

oVoltage input must be within a range of 22 to 32VDC for the CSAT3H heater

controller and 9.5 to 32VDC into the power connector on the CSAT3BH electronics.

oThe CSAT3BH head should be handled by holding the block at the back of the

sensor. Handling it by the arms or transducers could cause geometric deformation,

which degrades the measurements.

CSAT3BH Three-Dimensional Heated Sonic Anemometer 1

oThe transducer faces are fragile. Avoid scratching or rubbing the surface of the

transducer.

oGrounding the CSAT3BH is critical. Proper grounding to earth will ensure maximum

electrostatic discharge (ESD) and lightning protection and improve measurement

accuracy. The data logger, CSAT3H heater controller enclosure, and CSAT3BH

electronics should all be grounded to the same grounding rod.

oDuring winter, remove wicks from the transducers to prevent ice from melting and

collecting on the wicks, which could lead to re-freezing and ice buildup.

oAvoid opening the heater controller box because of unprotected electronics that are

vulnerable to ESD damage.

lIMPORTANT

oInstall USB drivers and Device Configuration Utility before attaching the sensor to a

computer.

3. Initial inspection

Upon receipt of the CSAT3BH, inspect the packaging and contents for damage. File any damage

claims with the shipping company. Contact Campbell Scientific to facilitate repair or replacement.

Immediately check package contents against shipping documentation. Thoroughly check all

packaging material for product that may be trapped inside. Contact Campbell Scientific about

any discrepancies. Model numbers are found on each product. On cables, the model number is

often found at the connection end of the cable. Check that correct lengths of cables are received.

The CSAT3BH ships with:

lTemp/RH sensor with radiation shield

lCSAT3BH replacement desiccant

lCSAT3BH foam case set

lCSAT3H heater controller box

lCM250 leveling mounting kit

lUSB data cable

CSAT3BH Three-Dimensional Heated Sonic Anemometer 2

Cables for the CSAT3BH, although not included in the standard package, are specified at the time

of order and are shipped with the CSAT3BH:

lCSAT3HCBL3-L

lRS-485 cable (either CSAT3HCBL1-L or CSAT3HCBL2)

lEither CSAT3BCBL1-L or CSAT3BCBL2-L and CSAT3BCBL3-L

4. Overview

The CSAT3BH is an ultrasonic anemometer for measuring sonic temperature and wind speed in

three dimensions. It is often used for studies of turbulence and flux measurements, where

turbulent fluctuations of wind speed and sonic temperature must be measured at high

frequencies (at 10Hz, for example).

From the turbulent wind fluctuations, momentum flux can be calculated. The covariance of

vertical wind and sonic temperature yields sonic sensible heat flux. By finding the covariance

between vertical wind and scalar measurements made by other fast-response sensors, such as

fine-wire thermocouples or gas analyzers, other fluxes can be calculated. For example, sensible

and latent heat fluxes, carbon dioxide flux, and other trace gas fluxes can all be measured by

combining the CSAT3BH with other sensors.

The CSAT3BH can communicate measurements using SDM (Synchronous Device for

Measurements), USB, RS-485, and CPI (CAN Peripheral Interface) communications. For optimal

synchronization with other fast-response sensors for applications such as eddy covariance,

Campbell Scientific recommends using SDM or CPI communications with an appropriate

Campbell Scientific data logger.

The CSAT3BH is a heated version of the CSAT3B, with the same measurement specifications.

Developed for use in cold environments that typically experience ice buildup on sensors, the

CSAT3BH is designed to prevent ice from accumulating on the sensor in order to avoid

prolonged periods of data loss.

The CSAT3BH is paired with a temperature and relative humidity probe that is used to determine

when the heaters need to be operating. The information from the temperature and relative

humidity probe is processed within the CSAT3H heater controller box, dictating operation of the

heaters. Additionally, temperature measurements are made throughout the body of the sonic

anemometer to determine the temperature change of the sensor as a result of the heaters. This

information is delivered to the controller box as well.

CSAT3BH Three-Dimensional Heated Sonic Anemometer 3

4.1 Features

The CSAT3BH offers the following key features:

lIntegrated electronics provide easy mounting of a single piece of hardware

lIntegrated inclinometer

lHigh-precision measurements ideal for turbulence and eddy-covariance studies

lAn improved design with a thin, aerodynamic support strut close to the ends of the sensor

arms, creating greater rigidity and improved accuracy of sonic temperature

lSupport of data logger sampling at any frequency between 1 and 100 Hz

lCPI communications for more robust and higher bandwidth measurements

lMultiple communication options, including SDM, CPI, USB, and RS-485

lInternal temperature and humidity measurements with easily replaced desiccant

lVersion 5 algorithm for calculating data outputs; combines the signal sensitivity of version

3 with the rain performance of version 4

lOptions to filter high frequencies for applications requiring analysis of non-aliased spectra

lTwo controlled heating zones that automatically provide enough heat to keep the sensor

free of ice in areas that matter most

oArms and strut

oTransducer fingers

lDiagnostics to determine heat activity to allow for Quality Assurance/Quality Control of

data as well as reports of how much power is used to control the heaters

lCSAT3BH body temperature measurements from thermistors near the transducers, strut,

and arms to help track the heater performance

lStreamlined heater integration to preserve sonic aerodynamics and ensure proper

operation

4.2 Sensor components

The CSAT3BH consists of several components. Some components come standard with every

CSAT3BH; others are accessories that must be ordered separately. Some common accessories,

such as cables, are required to operate a CSAT3BH.

CSAT3BH Three-Dimensional Heated Sonic Anemometer 4

4.2.1 Standard components

Standard components are items that are included or shipped with the CSAT3BH. The following

sections describe these items.

4.2.1.1 CSAT3H heater controller box

The CSAT3H heater controller box collects temperature and relative humidity data from the

temp/RH probe (see Temperature/relative humidity sensor and shield (p. 5)) as well as body

temperature measurements from the sonic anemometer. These measurements are used for

determining when the heaters are turned on or off, as well as how much power should be

supplied to the heaters to prevent ice accumulation and to prevent damage to the instrument

from overheating, in the case of a fault. The CSAT3H heater controller box is shown in FIGURE 4-1

(p. 5). Connectors at the bottom of the CSAT3H heater controller box are shown in FIGURE 6-12

(p. 41) and described in Controller box connections (p. 42).

FIGURE 4-1. CSAT3H heater controller box

4.2.1.2 Temperature/relative humidity sensor and shield

A temperature and relative humidity sensor (shown in FIGURE 4-2 (p. 6)) with a 6-plate gill

radiation shield comes with the CSAT3BH. This sensor provides important temperature and

relative humidity data that is used within the heating algorithm to determine when the heaters

are turned on or off. This sensor should be mounted in such a way that it is level with the sonic

CSAT3BH Three-Dimensional Heated Sonic Anemometer 5

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