Sun Microsystems VIRTUALBOX 3.0.0 Manual de usuario

Sun VirtualBox R



User Manual

Version 3.0.0

2004-2009 Sun Microsystems, Inc.

http://www.virtualbox.org

Contents

1 Introduction 9

1.1 Virtualization basics ............................. 9

1.2 Software vs. hardware virtualization (VT-x and AMD-V) ......... 11

1.3 Features overview .............................. 13

1.4 Supported host operating systems ..................... 16

1.5 Supported guest operating systems ..................... 17

1.6 64-bit guests ................................. 18

2 Installation 19

2.1 Installing on Windows hosts ......................... 19

2.1.1 Prerequisites ............................. 19

2.1.2 Performing the installation ..................... 19

2.1.3 Uninstallation ............................ 20

2.1.4 Unattended installation ....................... 20

2.2 Installing on Mac OS X hosts ........................ 20

2.2.1 Performing the installation ..................... 20

2.2.2 Uninstallation ............................ 21

2.2.3 Unattended installation ....................... 21

2.3 Installing on Linux hosts ........................... 21

2.3.1 Prerequisites ............................. 21

2.3.2 The VirtualBox kernel module ................... 21

2.3.3 USB and advanced networking support .............. 23

2.3.4 Performing the installation ..................... 23

2.3.5 Starting VirtualBox on Linux .................... 28

2.4 Installing on Solaris hosts .......................... 28

2.4.1 Performing the installation ..................... 28

2.4.2 Starting VirtualBox on Solaris ................... 29

2.4.3 Uninstallation ............................ 29

2.4.4 Unattended installation ....................... 30

2.4.5 Conﬁguring a zone for running VirtualBox ............ 30

3 Starting out with VirtualBox 31

3.1 Starting the graphical user interface .................... 31

3.2 Creating a virtual machine ......................... 32

3.3 Basics of virtual machine conﬁguration ................... 36

3.4 Running a virtual machine ......................... 38

3.4.1 Keyboard and mouse support in virtual machines ......... 39

Contents

3.4.2 Changing removable media ..................... 41

3.4.3 Saving the state of the machine .................. 41

3.4.4 Snapshots .............................. 42

3.5 The Virtual Disk Manager .......................... 43

3.6 Deleting virtual machines .......................... 45

3.7 Virtual machine settings ........................... 45

3.7.1 General settings ........................... 46

3.7.2 System settings ........................... 47

3.7.3 Display settings ........................... 49

3.7.4 Hard disk settings .......................... 50

3.7.5 CD/DVD-ROM and ﬂoppy settings ................. 51

3.7.6 Audio settings ............................ 52

3.7.7 Network settings ........................... 52

3.7.8 Serial ports .............................. 53

3.7.9 USB support ............................. 54

3.7.10 Shared folders ............................ 56

3.8 Importing and exporting virtual machines ................. 56

4 Guest Additions 60

4.1 Introduction ................................. 60

4.2 Windows Guest Additions .......................... 61

4.2.1 Installing the Windows Guest Additions .............. 62

4.2.2 Updating the Windows Guest Additions .............. 63

4.2.3 Unattended Installation ....................... 63

4.2.4 Manual ﬁle extraction ........................ 64

4.2.5 Windows Vista networking ..................... 64

4.3 Linux Guest Additions ............................ 64

4.3.1 Installing the Linux Guest Additions ................ 65

4.3.2 Video acceleration and high resolution graphics modes ..... 66

4.3.3 Updating the Linux Guest Additions ................ 66

4.4 Solaris Guest Additions ........................... 67

4.4.1 Installing the Solaris Guest Additions ............... 67

4.4.2 Uninstalling the Solaris Guest Additions .............. 67

4.4.3 Updating the Solaris Guest Additions ............... 68

4.5 OS/2 Guest Additions ............................ 68

4.6 Folder sharing ................................ 68

4.7 Seamless windows .............................. 70

4.8 Hardware 3D acceleration (OpenGL and DirectX 8/9) .......... 71

4.9 Guest properties ............................... 72

5 Virtual storage 75

5.1 Hard disk controllers: IDE, SATA (AHCI), SCSI .............. 75

5.2 Disk image ﬁles (VDI, VMDK, VHD) .................... 77

5.3 Conﬁguring image write operations .................... 78

5.4 Cloning disk images ............................. 80

Contents

5.5 iSCSI servers ................................. 80

5.5.1 Access iSCSI targets via Internal Networking ........... 80

6 Virtual networking 82

6.1 Virtual networking hardware ........................ 82

6.2 Introduction to networking modes ..................... 83

6.3 “Not attached” mode ............................. 84

6.4 Network Address Translation (NAT) .................... 84

6.4.1 Conﬁguring port forwarding with NAT ............... 84

6.4.2 PXE booting with NAT ........................ 85

6.4.3 NAT limitations ........................... 85

6.5 Bridged networking ............................. 86

6.6 Internal networking ............................. 88

6.7 Host-only networking ............................ 89

7 Alternative front-ends; remote virtual machines 90

7.1 Introduction ................................. 90

7.2 Using VBoxManage to control virtual machines .............. 91

7.3 VBoxSDL, the simpliﬁed VM displayer ................... 92

7.4 Remote virtual machines (VRDP support) ................. 93

7.4.1 VBoxHeadless, the VRDP-only server ................ 94

7.4.2 Step by step: creating a virtual machine on a headless server . . 95

7.4.3 Remote USB ............................. 97

7.4.4 RDP authentication ......................... 97

7.4.5 RDP encryption ........................... 98

7.4.6 VRDP multiple connections ..................... 99

8 VBoxManage reference 100

8.1 VBoxManage list ...............................105

8.2 VBoxManage showvminfo ..........................105

8.3 VBoxManage registervm / unregistervm ..................106

8.4 VBoxManage createvm ............................107

8.5 VBoxManage modifyvm ...........................107

8.5.1 General settings ...........................107

8.5.2 Storage settings ...........................109

8.5.3 Networking settings .........................110

8.5.4 Serial port, audio, clipboard, VRDP and USB settings ......111

8.6 VBoxManage import .............................112

8.7 VBoxManage export .............................113

8.8 VBoxManage startvm ............................114

8.9 VBoxManage controlvm ...........................115

8.10 VBoxManage discardstate ..........................116

8.11 VBoxManage snapshot ............................116

8.12 VBoxManage openmedium / closemedium .................116

8.13 VBoxManage showhdinfo ..........................117

Contents

8.14 VBoxManage createhd ............................117

8.15 VBoxManage modifyhd ...........................118

8.16 VBoxManage clonehd ............................118

8.17 VBoxManage convertfromraw ........................119

8.18 VBoxManage addiscsidisk ..........................120

8.19 VBoxManage getextradata/setextradata ..................121

8.20 VBoxManage setproperty ..........................121

8.21 VBoxManage usbﬁlter add/modify/remove ................122

8.22 VBoxManage sharedfolder add/remove ..................122

8.23 VBoxManage metrics .............................122

8.24 VBoxManage guestproperty .........................124

8.25 VBoxManage dhcpserver ...........................125

9 Advanced topics 127

9.1 VirtualBox conﬁguration data ........................127

9.2 Automated Windows guest logons (VBoxGINA) ..............128

9.3 Custom external VRDP authentication ...................129

9.4 Secure labeling with VBoxSDL .......................131

9.5 Custom VESA resolutions ..........................132

9.6 Multiple monitors for the guest .......................133

9.7 Releasing modiﬁers with VBoxSDL on Linux ................133

9.8 Launching more than 120 VMs on Solaris hosts ..............134

9.9 Using serial ports ...............................134

9.10 Using a raw host hard disk from a guest ..................135

9.10.1 Access to entire physical hard disk .................135

9.10.2 Access to individual physical hard disk partitions .........136

9.11 Allowing a virtual machine to start even with unavailable CD/DVD/ﬂoppy

devices ....................................138

9.12 Fine-tuning the VirtualBox NAT engine ...................138

9.12.1 Conﬁguring the address of a NAT network interface .......138

9.12.2 Conﬁguring the boot server (next server) of a NAT network in-

terface ................................138

9.12.3 Tuning TCP/IP buffers for NAT ...................139

9.12.4 Binding NAT sockets to a speciﬁc interface ............139

9.12.5 Enabling DNS proxy in NAT mode .................140

9.13 Conﬁguring the maximum resolution of guests when using the graphi-

cal frontend ..................................140

9.14 Conﬁguring the BIOS DMI information ...................140

9.15 Conﬁguring the guest time stamp counter (TSC) to reﬂect guest execution141

9.16 Conﬁguring the hard disk vendor product data (VPD) ..........142

10 VirtualBox programming interfaces 143

Contents

11 Troubleshooting 144

11.1 General ....................................144

11.1.1 Collecting debugging information .................144

11.1.2 Guest shows IDE errors for VDI on slow host ﬁle system . . . . . 144

11.1.3 Responding to guest IDE ﬂush requests ..............145

11.2 Windows guests ...............................146

11.2.1 Windows bluescreens after changing VM conﬁguration . . . . . 146

11.2.2 Windows 0x101 bluescreens with SMP enabled (IPI timeout) . . 146

11.2.3 Windows 2000 installation failures ................146

11.2.4 How to record bluescreen information from Windows guests . . 147

11.2.5 No networking in Windows Vista guests ..............147

11.2.6 Windows guests may cause a high CPU load ...........147

11.3 Linux guests .................................147

11.3.1 Linux guests may cause a high CPU load .............147

11.3.2 AMD Barcelona CPUs ........................148

11.3.3 Buggy Linux 2.6 kernel versions ..................148

11.4 Windows hosts ................................148

11.4.1 VBoxSVC out-of-process COM server issues ............148

11.4.2 CD/DVD changes not recognized ..................149

11.4.3 Sluggish response when using Microsoft RDP client .......149

11.4.4 Running an iSCSI initiator and target on a single system . . . . . 150

11.5 Linux hosts ..................................150

11.5.1 Linux kernel module refuses to load ................150

11.5.2 Linux host CD/DVD drive not found ................150

11.5.3 Linux host CD/DVD drive not found (older distributions) . . . . 151

11.5.4 Linux host ﬂoppy not found ....................151

11.5.5 Strange guest IDE error messages when writing to CD/DVD . . . 151

11.5.6 VBoxSVC IPC issues .........................152

11.5.7 USB not working ..........................152

11.5.8 PAX/grsec kernels ..........................153

11.5.9 Linux kernel vmalloc pool exhausted ...............153

11.6 Solaris hosts .................................154

11.6.1 Cannot start VM, not enough contiguous memory ........154

11.6.2 VM aborts with out of memory errors on Solaris 10 hosts . . . . 154

12 Change log 155

12.1 Version 3.0.0 (2009-06-30) .........................155

12.2 Version 2.2.4 (2009-05-29) .........................158

12.3 Version 2.2.2 (2009-04-27) .........................160

12.4 Version 2.2.0 (2009-04-08) .........................161

12.5 Version 2.1.4 (2009-02-16) .........................165

12.6 Version 2.1.2 (2009-01-21) .........................167

12.7 Version 2.1.0 (2008-12-17) .........................170

12.8 Version 2.0.8 (2009-03-10) .........................172

12.9 Version 2.0.6 (2008-11-21) .........................173

Contents

12.10Version 2.0.4 (2008-10-24) .........................174

12.11Version 2.0.2 (2008-09-12) .........................176

12.12Version 2.0.0 (2008-09-04) .........................178

12.13Version 1.6.6 (2008-08-26) .........................179

12.14Version 1.6.4 (2008-07-30) .........................180

12.15Version 1.6.2 (2008-05-28) .........................182

12.16Version 1.6.0 (2008-04-30) .........................183

12.17Version 1.5.6 (2008-02-19) .........................185

12.18Version 1.5.4 (2007-12-29) .........................187

12.19Version 1.5.2 (2007-10-18) .........................189

12.20Version 1.5.0 (2007-08-31) .........................191

12.21Version 1.4.0 (2007-06-06) .........................194

12.22Version 1.3.8 (2007-03-14) .........................197

12.23Version 1.3.6 (2007-02-20) .........................198

12.24Version 1.3.4 (2007-02-12) .........................199

12.25Version 1.3.2 (2007-01-15) .........................200

12.26Version 1.2.4 (2006-11-16) .........................201

12.27Version 1.2.2 (2006-11-14) .........................201

12.28Version 1.1.12 (2006-11-14) ........................202

12.29Version 1.1.10 (2006-07-28) ........................203

12.30Version 1.1.8 (2006-07-17) .........................203

12.31Version 1.1.6 (2006-04-18) .........................204

12.32Version 1.1.4 (2006-03-09) .........................204

12.33Version 1.1.2 (2006-02-03) .........................205

12.34Version 1.0.50 (2005-12-16) ........................207

12.35Version 1.0.48 (2005-11-23) ........................207

12.36Version 1.0.46 (2005-11-04) ........................208

12.37Version 1.0.44 (2005-10-25) ........................208

12.38Version 1.0.42 (2005-08-30) ........................209

12.39Version 1.0.40 (2005-06-17) ........................210

12.40Version 1.0.39 (2005-05-05) ........................211

12.41Version 1.0.38 (2005-04-27) ........................211

12.42Version 1.0.37 (2005-04-12) ........................212

13 Known limitations 213

14 Third-party licenses 216

14.1 Materials ...................................216

14.2 Licenses ....................................218

14.2.1 GNU General Public License (GPL) .................218

14.2.2 GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) ............223

14.2.3 Mozilla Public License (MPL) ....................230

14.2.4 X Consortium License (X11) ....................237

14.2.5 zlib license ..............................237

14.2.6 OpenSSL license ...........................238

Contents

14.2.7 Slirp license .............................239

14.2.8 liblzf license .............................239

14.2.9 libpng license ............................240

14.2.10lwIP license .............................240

14.2.11libxml license ............................241

14.2.12libxslt licenses ............................241

14.2.13gSOAP Public License Version 1.3a .................242

14.2.14Chromium licenses .........................249

14.2.15curl license ..............................251

14.2.16dnsproxy license ...........................252

15 VirtualBox privacy policy 253

Glossary 255

1 Introduction

Sun VirtualBox is a collection of powerful virtual machine tools, targeting desktop

computers, enterprise servers and embedded systems. With VirtualBox, you can virtu-

alize 32-bit and 64-bit operating systems on machines with Intel and AMD processors,

either by using hardware virtualization features provided by these processors or even

entirely in software, at your option.

You can ﬁnd a brief feature overview in chapter 1.3,Features overview, page 13; see

chapter 12,Change log, page 155 for a detailed list of version changes.

1.1 Virtualization basics

With VirtualBox, you can run unmodiﬁed operating systems – including all of the

software that is installed on them – directly on top of your existing operating system,

in a special environment called a “virtual machine”. Your physical computer is then

usually called the “host”, while the virtual machine is often called a “guest”.

The following image shows you how VirtualBox, on a Linux host, is running Win-

dows Vista as guest operating system in a virtual machine window:

VirtualBox allows the guest code to run unmodiﬁed, directly on the host computer,

and the guest operating system “thinks” it’s running on a real machine. In the back-

1 Introduction

ground, however, VirtualBox intercepts certain operations that the guest performs to

make sure that the guest does not interfere with other programs on the host.

The techniques and features that VirtualBox provides are useful for several scenar-

ios:

•Operating system support. With VirtualBox, one can run software written for

one operating system on another (for example, Windows software on Linux)

without having to reboot to use it. You can even install an old operating system

such as DOS or OS/2 in a virtual machine if your real computer’s hardware is

too advanced to be supported.

•Infrastructure consolidation. Virtualization can signiﬁcantly reduce hardware

and electricity costs. The full performance provided by today’s powerful hard-

ware is only rarely really needed, and typical servers have an average load of

only a fraction of their theoretical power. So, instead of running many such

physical computers that are only partially used, one can pack many virtual ma-

chines onto a few powerful hosts and balance the loads between them. With

VirtualBox, you can even run virtual machines as mere servers for the VirtualBox

Remote Desktop Protocol (VRDP), with full client USB support. This allows for

consolidating the desktop machines in an enterprise on just a few RDP servers,

while the actual clients only have to be capable of displaying VRDP data.

•Testing and disaster recovery. Once installed, a virtual box and its virtual hard

disk can be considered a “container” that can be arbitrarily frozen, woken up,

copied, backed up, and transported between hosts. On top of that, with the use

of another VirtualBox feature called “snapshots”, one can save a particular state

of a virtual machine and revert back to that state, if necessary. This way, one

can freely experiment with a computing environment. If something goes wrong

(e.g. after installing misbehaving software or infecting the guest with a virus),

one can easily switch back to a previous snapshot and avoid the need of frequent

backups and restores.

When dealing with virtualization (and also for understanding the following chapters

of this documentation), it helps to acquaint oneself with a bit of crucial terminology,

especially the following terms:

Host operating system (host OS): the operating system of the physical computer

where VirtualBox is running. There are versions of VirtualBox for several host

operating systems (see chapter 1.4,Supported host operating systems, page 16 for

further information). While the various VirtualBox versions are usually discussed

together in this document, there may be platform-speciﬁc differences which we

will point out where appropriate.

Guest operating system (guest OS): the operating system that is running inside

the virtual machine. Theoretically, VirtualBox can run any x86 operating sys-

tem (DOS, Windows, OS/2, FreeBSD, OpenBSD), but to achieve near-native

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