Red Hat CERTIFICATE SYSTEM 8.0 - ADMINISTRATION Instrucciones de instalación y funcionamiento

Red Hat Certificate

System 8.0

Using End User Services

Ella Deon Lackey

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July 22, 2009

Abstract

This guide contains easy to follow information for end users who use Red Hat

Certificate System certificate authority and registration authority services to generate

or submit certificate requests, check on request status, receive certificates, and

revoke certificates.

1. A Look at End User Services in Red Hat Certificate System ...................................................... 2

1.1. About Certificates and Cryptography ............................................................................. 2

1.2. About CA Services ....................................................................................................... 5

1.3. About RA Services ....................................................................................................... 8

1.4. Supported Web Browsers ............................................................................................. 8

1.5. Supported Charactersets .............................................................................................. 9

1.6. Configuring Internet Explorer to Enroll Certificates .......................................................... 9

2. Getting and Managing Certificates through CA Services .......................................................... 10

2.1. Opening the CA Services Page ................................................................................... 10

2.2. Generating Certificate Requests .................................................................................. 11

2.3. Requesting Certificates ............................................................................................... 12

Using End User Services

2.4. Checking on Your Request Status ............................................................................... 15

2.5. Retrieving Your Certificates ......................................................................................... 16

2.6. Listing and Searching for Certificates .......................................................................... 18

2.7. Renewing Certificates ................................................................................................. 23

2.8. Revoking Certificates .................................................................................................. 27

2.9. Downloading CA Certificates and Certificate Chains ..................................................... 31

3. Getting and Managing Certificates through RA Services .......................................................... 32

3.1. Opening the RA Services Page ................................................................................... 32

3.2. Requesting Certificates ............................................................................................... 33

3.3. Checking on Your Request Status ............................................................................... 41

3.4. Retrieving and Importing Certificates ........................................................................... 42

3.5. Renewing User Certificates ......................................................................................... 44

4. Additional Reading ................................................................................................................ 46

5. Giving Feedback ................................................................................................................... 47

6. Revision History .................................................................................................................... 48

1. A Look at End User Services in Red Hat Certificate

System

Red Hat Certificate System provides a simple way for people to obtain certificates that they need to

protect common Internet-based actions, like sending email, logging into a computer, or accessing

a protected website. Any user can access Certificate System's web-based certificate management

interface to request or receive a certificate.

1.1. About Certificates and Cryptography

Red Hat Certificate System provides a way for a company or group to create and manage certificates

locally.

A certificate is a file which proves the identity of a person, server, router, website, or other entity.

Certificates can also be used to encrypt and decrypt information; this is a vital function which protects

sensitive communication — from online shopping to email — by safely encoding the traffic using

mathematical algorithms to create a cipher.

A certificate is part of an overall strategy for secure (encrypted) communication. Some web protocols

such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) use encryption to secure

Internet communications, as do VPNs, some intranets, email, and web browsers.

Secure communications are built around an SSL handshake. An SSL handshake is when a server

reaches out to a client (user) with some proof of its identity, such as a certificate; this is server

authentication. The client can then accept that certificate to continue with the connection. The server

may require some proof back from the user to verify his identity; this is client authentication. After the

server and client are shown to be authentic, then they can continue with their transactions.

The transactions are encoded using agreed upon methods, called ciphers. The cipher is used

in conjunction with a special number, called a key, to encrypt and decrypt the data being sent. A

certificate, along with identifying the user and the authority which issued it, defines what kind of

ciphers it supports and the public key for encrypting information.

There are a number of different ways that the information can be encrypted for safe sending and then

decrypted for safe reading: asymmetric keys, symmetric keys, and shared keys. A key, in broad terms,

is combined with a mathematical algorithm to scramble data; if someone knows the matching key, then

they can use it to unscramble the data. A key, then, locks and unlocks data. A public key is known to

About Certificates and Cryptography

both groups in a secure connection, while a private key is held by one group. The public key encrypts

data; the private key is used to decrypt it.

A certificate is created out of several pieces of information:

• The identity of the entity (such as its name)

• A public key

• The name and digital signature of the certificate authority which issued the certificate

• The day that the certificate expires (called the validity period)

• A serial number

This information creates a fingerprint for the certificate.

Figure 1. Certificate Fingerprint

Some clients may require additional information, such as the issuing authority's certificate (CA

certificate). The CA certificate verifies the server which issued the user's certificate and provides some

Using End User Services

key information. Sometimes, a series of authorities issues certificates; Server 1 issues a certificate

to Server 2 which issues a certificate to Server 3. All of those successive CA certificates can be

downloaded and installed together; that's a certificate chain.

A certificate is issued or enrolled by a certificate authority (CA). (In Red Hat Certificate System, the CA

is performed by a system called the Certificate Manager.)

Figure 2. The Process for Issuing a Certificate

1. A user first generates a certificate request by supplying certain information.

2. This request is then given to the CA, and the CA validates that it is a legitimate request. This can

happen in different ways: a real person may review it, it could be guaranteed automatically, or it

could require that the user supply some other kind of credentials, such as login information for a

local directory or an existing certificate.

3. Assuming that the request is approved, the certificate is generated. A Certificate System

Certificate Manager uses certificate profiles to define the settings for a certificate. The profiles,

to users, are simple forms available through the CA services pages. In the Certificate Manager

server, these profiles define all kinds of information about the certificate, such as how long the

certificate is valid, what kind of ciphers it allows, what kind of certificate it is and how it can be

used, and limits set on the certificate information.

The information in the certificate request must match the requirements in the certificate profile;

otherwise, the certificate is rejected by the Certificate Manager.

4. If the certificate request conforms to the profile, then the Certificate Manager signals the browser

to generate the public/private key pair.

5. After generating the keys, the Certificate Manager generates the certificate.

6. The user retrieves the new certificate. This varies depending on how the local Red Hat Certificate

System is setup; the user may receive an email notification or the certificate could be immediately

available through the Certificate Manager services page. The certificate can always be retrieved

by searching the request ID and following the status link.

7. The certificate can be imported into a web browser, email program, site, server, router, or other

client (depending on the type of certificate) and it's ready for use.

About CA Services

After the certificate is created, it is valid for a certain amount of time, until the expiration date. Some

types of certificates can be renewed, which creates a new certificate using the same key pair, but with

a new expiration date and serial nu,ber. The renewed certificate is functionally identical to the original

certificate.

Alternatively, there can be a reason to invalidate a certificate before its expiration date, maybe

because it was compromised or because of a change in the user's situation. In that case, the

certificate can be revoked before its expiration date. When a certificate is revoked, the Certificate

Manager adds it to a list of revoked certificates called a certificate revocation list (CRL). When a

certificate is validated during authentication, the server checks its validity date (to make sure its

current) and its revocation status (by checking the CRL published by the CA).

1.2. About CA Services

A certificate authority (CA) is a trusted entity that issues certificates, verifies the certificate validity,

renews certificates, and publishes certificate revocation lists (CRLs). The CA performs all certificate

management functions. In Red Hat Certificate System, the CA is called the Certificate Manager.

The Certificate Manager's web services pages offer a number of different services for users:

• Submit requests for a large number of different certificate types through different certificate

enrollment forms (listed in Table 1, “Available Certificate Profiles”)

• Check the status of certificate requests

• List all submitted certificate requests

• Perform basic and advanced searches of certificate requests, issued certificates, CRLs, and expired

certificates

• Retrieve and import issued certificates

• Search CRLs for revoked certificates

• Download, import, or view CRLs

• Download, import, or view CA certificates and CA certificate chains

The Certificate Manager's end user web services offer a large number of default certificate submission

forms (called certificate enrollment forms or certificate profiles). These forms allow you to submit new

certificate requests to the CA. Along with the default profiles in Table 1, “Available Certificate Profiles”,

custom profiles can also be created that are specific for your group.

The Certificate Manager web services have a very flexible search feature to list and search all

certificate requests. The CA web services also allow you to import CA certificates and CA chains,

revoke certificates and check certificate revocation status, and import CRLs.

Profile Name Description

Security Domain Administrator Certificate

Enrollment

Enrolls Security Domain Administrator's certificates

with LDAP authentication against the internal LDAP

database.

Agent-Authenticated File Signing This certificate profile is for file signing with agent

authentication.

Using End User Services

Profile Name Description

Agent-Authenticated Server Certificate

Enrollment

Enrolls server certificates with agent authentication.

Manual Certificate Manager Signing Certificate

Enrollment

Enrolls Certificate Authority certificates.

Signed CMC-Authenticated User Certificate

Enrollment

Enrolls user certificates by using the CMC certificate

request with CMC Signature authentication.

Directory-Authenticated User Dual-Use

Certificate Enrollment

Enrolls user certificates with directory-based

authentication.

Directory-Authenticated User Certificate Self-

Renew profile

Renews user certificates which were previously

enrolled with the caDirUserCert profile.

Manual User Signing & Encryption Certificates

Enrollment

Enrolls dual user certificates. It works only with

Netscape 7.0 or later.

RA Agent-Authenticated User Certificate

Enrollment

Enrolls user certificates with RA agent authentication.

Signed CMC-Authenticated User Certificate

Enrollment

Enrolls user certificates by using the CMC certificate

request with CMC Signature authentication.

Manual Security Domain Certificate Authority

Signing Certificate Enrollment

Enrolls Security Domain Certificate Authority

certificates.

Audit Signing Certificate Enrollment Enrolls a signing certificate to use for signing audit

logs; used automatically during any subsystem

configuration, with the exception of the RA.

Security Domain DRM Storage Certificate

Enrollment

Enrolls DRM storage certificates for DRMs within a

security domain; used automatically during a DRM

configuration.

Security Domain OCSP Manager Signing

Certificate Enrollment

Enrolls Security Domain OCSP Manager certificates.

Security Domain Server Certificate Enrollment Enrolls Security Domain server certificates.

Security Domain Subsystem Certificate

Enrollment

Enrolls Security Domain subsystem certificates.

Security Domain Data Recovery Manager

Transport Certificate Enrollment

Enrolls Security Domain Data Recovery Manager

transport certificates.

Renew certificate to be manually approved by

agents

Renews a certificate that was generated with the

caUserCert profile and must be manually renewed by

agents.

Manual OCSP Manager Signing Certificate

Enrollment

Enrolls OCSP Manager certificates.

Other Certificate Enrollment Enrolls other certificates.

RA Agent-Authenticated Agent User Certificate

Enrollment

Enrolls RA agent user certificates with RA agent

authentication.

Manual Registration Manager Signing

Certificate Enrollment

Enrolls Registration Manager certificates.

RA Agent-Authenticated Router Certificate

Enrollment

Enrolls router certificates after agent approval (as

opposed to automatic enrollment).

About CA Services

Profile Name Description

RA Agent-Authenticated Server Certificate

Enrollment

Enrolls server certificates with RA agent

authentication.

One Time Pin Router Certificate Enrollment Enrolls router certificates using an automatically-

generated, one-time PIN that the router can use to

retrieve its certificate.

Manual Server Certificate Enrollment Enrolls server certificates.

Manual Log Signing Certificate Enrollment Enrolls audit log signing certificates.

Simple CMC Enrollment Enrolls user certificates by using the CMC certificate

request with CMC Signature authentication.

Self-renew user SSL client certificates Renews SSL client certificates issued by the

caUserCert profile.

Temporary Device Certificate Enrollment Enrolls temporary keys to be used by servers or other

network devices on a token; used by the TPS for smart

card enrollment operations. These are temporary

keys, valid for about a week, and intended to replace a

temporarily lost token.

Enrolls an encryption key on a token; used by

the TPS for smart card enrollment operations.

These are temporary keys, valid for about a

week, and intended to replace a temporarily

lost token.

Temporary Token User Signing Certificate

Enrollment

Enrolls a signing key on a token; used by the TPS

for smart card enrollment operations. These are

temporary keys, valid for about a week, and intended

to replace a temporarily lost token.

Token Device Key Enrollment Enrolls keys to be used by servers or other network

devices on a token; used by the TPS for smart card

enrollment operations.

Token User MS Login Certificate Enrollment Enrolls key to be used by a person for logging into a

Windows domain or PC; used by the TPS for smart

card enrollment operations.

Token User Encryption Certificate Enrollment Enrolls an encryption key on a token; used by the TPS

for smart card enrollment operations.

smart card token encryption cert renewal

profile

Renews an encryption key that was enrolled on a

token using the caTokenUserEncryptionKeyEnrollment

profile; used by a TPS subsystem.

Token User Signing Certificate Enrollment Enrolls a signing key on a token; used by the TPS for

smart card enrollment operations.

smart card token signing cert renewal profile Renews a signing that was enrolled on a token using

the caTokenUserSigningKeyEnrollment profile; used

by a TPS subsystem.

Manual TPS Server Certificate Enrollment Enrolls TPS server certificates.

Manual Data Recovery Manager Transport

Certificate Enrollment

Enrolls Data Recovery Manager transport certificates.

Using End User Services

Profile Name Description

Manual User Dual-Use Certificate Enrollment Enrolls user certificates.

Manual device Dual-Use Certificate Enrollment

to contain UUID in SAN

Enrolls certificates for devices which must contain a

unique user ID number (UUID) as a component in the

certificate's subject alternate name extension.

Domain Controller Enrolls certificates to be used by a Windows domain

controller.

Table 1. Available Certificate Profiles

1.3. About RA Services

The Red Hat Certificate System Registration Authority (RA), similar to the Certificate Manager, can

accept certificate requests. The RA doesn't issue or enroll the certificates; instead, it authenticates the

entity making the request locally, then forwards the request to the CA to generate the certificate. The

RA is in essence a load balancer for certificate management.

The RA web services page offers several different options:

• Submit certificate requests and renew certificates (through enrollment forms listed in Table 2,

“Available RA Certificate Profiles”)

• Check the status of pending certificate requests

• Retrieve issued certificates

The RA has fewer certificate enrollment options than the Certificate Manager, and the RA interface

is more simple than the Certificate Manager's web services pages. The benefit of the RA interface is

that it can be quicker to submit requests, receive approval, check request status, and retrieve issued

certificates.

The RA is essentially a load balancer for a CA, since the CA still issues the certificates but the process

of approving the certificate request is handled separately.

Profile Name Description

User Enrollment Enrolls and renews user certificates.

Server Certificate Enrollment Enrolls server certificates.

RA Agent Enrollment Enrolls certificates for RA agents.

SCEP Enrollment Enrolls router certificates, complying with Cisco SCEP

standards.

Table 2. Available RA Certificate Profiles

1.4. Supported Web Browsers

The services pages for the subsystems require a web browser that supports SSL. Two browsers are

supported:

• Mozilla Firefox 1.0 and higher

• Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 and higher

Supported Charactersets

NOTE

Browsers for Mac, such as Safari, and other types of web browsers, such as Opera,

are not supported for the end-entities pages. This means that some operations may not

complete successfully or forms may not be displayed properly.

If DNS is properly configured, then an IPv4 or IPv6 address can be used to connect to the services

pages. For example:

https://1.2.3.4:9444/ca/services

https://[00:00:00:00:123:456:789:00:]:9444/ca/services

1.5. Supported Charactersets

Red Hat Certificate System fully supports UTF-8 characters in the CA end users forms for specific

fields. This means that end users can submit certificate requests with UTF-8 characters in those fields

and can search for and retrieve certificates and CRLs in the CA and retrieve keys in the DRM when

using those field values as the search parameters.

Four fields fully-support UTF-8 characters:

• Common name (used in the subject name of the certificate)

• Organizational unit (used in the subject name of the certificate)

• Requester name

• Additional notes (comments appended by the agent to the certificate)

NOTE

This support does not include supporting internationalized domain names, like in email

addresses.

1.6. Configuring Internet Explorer to Enroll Certificates

Because of the security settings in Microsoft Windows Vista, requesting and enrolling certificates

through the end entities pages using Internet Explorer 7 and 8 requires extra browser configuration.

The browser has to be configured to trust the CA before it can access the CA's secure end entities

pages.

NOTE

This configuration is not necessary to use Internet Explorer 7 and 8 on Microsoft Windows

2000, 2003, or XP.

1. Open Internet Explorer.

2. Import the CA certificate chain.

Using End User Services

a. Open the unsecure end services page for the CA.

http://server.example.com:9180/ca/ee/ca

b. Click the Retrieval tab.

c. Click Import CA Certificate Chain in the left menu, and then select Download the CA

certificate chain in binary form.

d. When prompted, save the CA certificate chain file.

e. In the Internet Explorer menu, click Tools, and select Internet Options.

f. Open the Content tab, and click the Certificates button.

g. Click the Import button. In the import window, browse for and select the imported certificate

chain.

The import process prompts for which certificate store to use for the CA certificate chain.

Select Automatically select the certificate store based on the type of certificate.

h. Once the certificate chain is imported, open the Trusted Root Certificate Authorities tab to

verify that the certificate chain was successfully imported.

3. After the certificate chain is imported, Internet Explorer can access the secure end services pages.

Open the secure site.

https://server.example.com:9443/ca/ee/ca

4. There is probably a security exception when opening the end services pages. Add the CA services

site to Internet Explorer's Trusted Sites list.

a. In the Internet Explorer menu, click Tools, and select Internet Options.

b. Open the Security tab, and click Sites to add the CA site to the trusted list.

c. Set the Security level for this zone slider for the CA services page to Medium; if this security

setting is too restrictive in the future, then try resetting it to Medium-low.

5. Close the browser.

To verify that Internet Explorer can be used for enrollments, try enrolling a user certificate, as

described in Section 2.3, “Requesting Certificates”.

2. Getting and Managing Certificates through CA Services

The Certificate Manager is the subsystem which functions as a certificate authority in Red Hat

Certificate System and issues and manages certificates.

2.1. Opening the CA Services Page

The URL for the CA web services can vary depending on your group's server deployment. The default

way to connect to the CA web services is to connect to the server over port 9180. For example:

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