Mor Electric Heating Salamander Manual de usuario

Salamander

Ceramic Infrared Emitters

TechnicalManual

MorElectricHeatingAssoc.,Inc.

5880AlpineAve.NW,ComstockPark,MI49321,USA

Tel: 616-784-1121, 800-442-2581, Fax: 616-784-7775

E-Mail: sales@infraredheaters.com

Table of Contents

Introduction.............................................................................................................

Agency Approvals....................................................................................................

Comparing Different Forms of Infrared Heat......................................................

Radiant Emission Patterns of Ceramic Emitters...................................................

Ceramic Infrared Panel Design..............................................................................

Infrared Heating Basics..........................................................................................

Infrared Energy........................................................................................................................

Emissivity................................................................................................................................

Electromagnetic Radiation......................................................................................................

Infrared Spectrum....................................................................................................................

Stefan-Boltzmann Law.............................................................................................................

Planck's Law...........................................................................................................................

Wien's Law..............................................................................................................................

Surface Temperature and Radiation Emissions.......................................................................

Emitter Surface Temperature.................................................................................

Spectral Absorption Curves....................................................................................

Physical Properties of Materials.............................................................................

Reference Data........................................................................................................

Estimating Power Requirements............................................................................

Thermoforming........................................................................................................................

Water Evaporation...................................................................................................................

Introduction

In focus with our Mission Statement, we constantly strive to maintain a

communication level with our customers. In this revised, second issue of our technical manual, we hope

to educate the public on the technical aspects of ceramic infrared emitters. Devised, not as a selling tool

but an informational source, there comes a time where selling becomes secondary to informing, and by

this process, informing becomes the primary source for selling. It has been proven that what we know

and understand best is what we sell and utilize most. It is in this exchange of information that we hope to

create a better understanding of our product, the benefits it offers, and heighten awareness to its potential

forthefuture.

AgencyApprovals

Salamander ceramicinfraredemitters,manufacturedbyMorElectric Heating Assoc., Inc.,

have been tested by Underwriters Laboratories of Northbrook, Illinois, USA. Emitters rated up to 240

volt are UR and C-UR recognized to the standard for safety of electric appliances UL-499 and C-22-2

number72-M-1984 forelectric heatingelements.

Reference: Project No. 95NK17113A

File No. E-181581

EC Declaration of Conformity

This is to certify that the:

SalamanderCeramic Infrared Emitters Comprising of:

FTE, FFE, HTE, HFE, HSE, LTE, ESE, and Associated Sheet Metal Fixings and Reflectors

ManufacturedBy:

MorElectricHeatingAssoc.,Inc.

5880AlpineN.W.

ComstockPark, Michigan 49321

USA Tel: 1-616-784-8997

IsinComplianceWithallImplementedEURequirements:

EUDirective89/336/EECElectromagneticCompatibility

EUDirective 73/23/EECLow VoltageSafety

EUDirective 93/68/EEC CEMarking

Throughout the years many different forms of infrared heat sources have been developed. Some

ofthe more familiar forms seen today are metal sheathed tubular heaters, quartz tubes, quartz lamps, gas-

fired catalytic, flat faced panels, and ceramic emitters. Each source has its own distinctive set of

properties:

Metal Sheath Quartz Tube Quartz Lamp Catalytic Flat Faced Panels Ceramic

Radiant

Efficiency 56% 61% 86% 80% 88% 96%

Physical

Strength High Low Very Low High Medium Medium

Heat-Up

Cool Down Slow Fast Very Fast Very Slow Slow Slow

Max. Temp. 1400 ° F 1600 ° F 4000 ° F 800 ° F 1600 ° F 1292 ° F

Color

Sensitivity Low Low High Low Low Low

Radiant Efficiency: The total amount of energy that is emitted from the source as

infrared radiation. The balance of heat energy from the sources

are transferred via convection and conduction.

Physical Strength: The physical strength of each source. A high rating indicates a

very durable source that can withstand physical abuse such as

dropping a wrench on the source.

Heat-Up/Cool Down: The amount of time required for the source to come up to

operating temperature and cool back down to room temperature.

Maximum Temperature: Maximum operating temperature of the source.

Color Sensitivity: Refers to the ability of a typical load to absorb the spectral

radiation emitted from a source based on the color of the load.

The shorter the wavelength emitted from a source the more color

sensitive a load will be to the sources spectral radiation.

Comparing Different Forms of Infrared Heat

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Radiant Emission Patterns of Ceramic Emitters

Concentrated Uniform Wide Area

Salamander ceramic emitters are manufactured with three basic emitter faces: concave, flat,

and convex. These emitter face styles will result in the specific radiant emission patterns as shown

above. Note: Infrared radiation is emitted at right angles to the emission surface.

Concentrated: The concave surface will emit a "concentrated" radiant pattern which is highly

effective when zone heating is desired as well as radiant heating in general.

Uniform: The flat surface will produce a "uniform" pattern for even heating at a close

proximity between the emitter and the target being heated.

Wide Area: The convex shape gives off a "wide area" pattern which is desirable in

comfort heating or other applications that require a dispersed radiant emission

pattern.

01"2"3"4" 1" 2" 3" 4"

The Salamander radiant emission grid can be used to

determine the proper ceramic emitter spacing when used in an

application such as an infrared panel. In order to achieve an

even heat pattern it is critical that the emitters are spaced so that

their radiant emission patterns overlap when reaching the target.

The more overlap that occurs, the more even the heat will be

across the face of the product being heated. The area of highest

radiant emission intensity for a single emitter is shown within

the two dark crossed lines on the grid. In order for element

emissions to overlap, the dashed line shows an intersection point

at a distance of 7" will occur if the emitters are placed a distance

of2" apartfrom edgetoedge. This sameconcept shouldbeusedto

eitherdeterminethedistancetoplacetheproductifusingan existing

panel,orplacementofemitters ifbuilding apaneltoguarantee

radiantemissionoverlap.

EmitterSpacing

DistanceFromEmitter

Salamander Radiant Emission Grid

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Ceramic Infrared Panel Design

Wiring Specifications:

*High temperature 842 °F (450°C) MG or similar style wire (with a suitable

temperature and amperage rating) should be used for all electrical connections made

within the terminal area of the infrared panel. The high temperature wire must be run

on top of (or above) the ceramic fiber insulation.

* Ceramic terminal blocks are recommended to allow for quick emitter replacement,

flexibility in zoning, and "touch safe" design.

* The terminal cover for the infrared panel should be louvered or made out of expanded

metal to minimize the temperature within the terminal area.

Emitter Spacing:

The spacing of the emitters should be such that the resulting infrared emissions incident on the

target will be even and maximized.

* Emitters that are tightly spaced in an array will allow the target to be positioned close

to the emitters and still result in even heating. The intensity and efficiency of the

infrared radiation will be maximized and heat losses will be minimized.

* Emitters that are loosely spaced in an array will force the target to be positioned

further away in order to achieve even heating. This style of panel would typically

result in a lower intensity infrared emission.

3 Pole Ceramic

Terminal Block

Ceramic Emitter

Polished Aluminized Steel

or Stainless Steel Reflector,

20 to 24 Gauge

Typical Panel Configuration Ceramic Emitter Mounting

1.63"

(41mm)

.59"

(15mm)

1" Ceramic Fiber Insulation

Reflector

This section of the technical manual is a summary of the physics involved in all infrared heating

systems. The information can be used as an aid in calculating system power requirements as well as

determining the feasibility of a given infrared heating application.

Infrared Energy:

When infrared energy strikes an object it may be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected from the

surface. The sum of the amount of energy absorbed, transmitted, and reflected must equal 100% of the

total incident energy. An object is called a "blackbody" if it absorbs (or emits) 100% of incident

infrared radiation.

1 = ρ + α + τ

Where: ρ = reflectivity

α = absorptivity

τ = transmissivity

Example: Infrared energy strikes an object that is 30% reflective, and 20%

transparent, how much infrared energy is absorbed by the object?

1 = .30 + α + .20

α= 1 - .30 -.20 = .50 (or 50% )

The term "blackbody radiation" was derived from an experiment in cavity radiation. A small

hole was drilled into an object and light was focused into the hole. The hole (cavity) appeared to be

black. Light that entered the cavity is trapped and absorbed into the object allowing no light to escape.

Radiant energy emitted from a "blackbody" source is dependent only on the temperature of the cavity

walls and is not at all dependent on any other characteristic of the source such as color.

Emissivity:

A true "blackbody" source for industrial applications has not yet been developed. However,

various radiant heating elements are available with a wide range of radiant efficiencies. The efficiency

of a radiant heater is given by its emissivity value. Emissivity is defined as the ratio of the radiant

energyemittedby an object at a given temperature and the radiant energy emitted by a "blackbody" at the

sametemperature.

e = Wbb

Where: e = emissivity of source

Ws = Total radiant energy emitted from a source at temperature T1

Wbb = Total radiant energy emitted from a blackbody at temperature T1

Infrared Heating Basics

Electromagnetic Radiation:

Infrared radiation is part of a broad electromagnetic spectrum. The relationship between

electromagnetic radiation is as follows: c

λ =f

Where: λ= Wavelength in meters

c = Speed of light ( 3 x 108 meters per second )

f = Frequency in hertz ( cycles per second )

Infrared Spectrum:

U.V. Visible Light Near Infrared Far Infrared

Deep Penetration High Low

V B G Y O R For Medical Uses Intensity Intensity

0.4µm 0.7µm 2.8µm 10.0µm

The Stefan-Boltzmann Law gives the total power radiated at a specific temperature from an

infrared source. That is, the entire amount of infrared radiation (at a specific temperature) emitted from

a given source at all associated wavelengths.

R = (e) x (σ) x ( T4 ) Watts/ in 2

Where: σ= Stefan-Boltzmann Constant

[ 36.58072 x 10 -12 W/ in2 . °K]

e = Emissivity Value of the Source

T = Surface Temperature of the Source

in K (Kelvin.)

Stefan-Boltzmann Law:

010987654321

Planck's Law:

In order to understand the spectral distribution of infrared radiation from a source we must first

understand Planck's Law. Planck's Law gives us the spectral distribution of radiation from a blackbody

source. That is, a source that emits 100% infrared radiation at a given single temperature. It is important

to understand at this point that in practice, infrared sources are made up of thousands of "point sources"

that are all at different temperatures. Each point source will have a different spectral distribution and

the combination of point sources will make up the entire spectral distribution. Therefore, we can only

approximate the spectral distribution using an average surface temperature and emissivity value.

(e) x ( 2.416069 x 10 -25 ) Watts

R(λ) = (λ ) 5 [ exp .014408/λΤ - 1 ] in2 . µm

Where: e = Emissivity of Source

λ = Wavelength in Meters

T = Temperature in K (Kelvin)

K = (°F + 460) / 1.8

"A"....800 °F, λm = 4.14 µm "B"....1000 °F, λm = 3.57 µm

"C"....1200 °F, λm = 3.14 µm "D"....1400 °F, λm = 2.81 µm

Spectral Radiancy, Watts/ in2 . µm

Wavelength, Microns (λm)

Spectral Distribution of a "Blackbody"

At Various Temperatures

Notice in the Planck's Law curves shown on the previous page that the spectral radiancy of the

source increases proportionally with the source temperature. In other words, the radiant infrared output

from a source increases as the temperature of the source increases. The overall infrared emissions from

a given source is equal to the area under the associated Planck's Law curve. By integrating Planck's Law

at a given temperature with respect to the wavelength we can calculate the amount of infrared emissions

withinagiven rangeofwavelengths(Seegraph below).

Also notice that as the temperature of the source increases, the peak wavelength of the source

becomes shorter. When the temperature of the source becomes too high a noticeable amount of energy is

emitted from the source as light. That is, a portion of the energy emitted from the source falls within the

wavelengthsassociatedwithlight. Referringbacktotheinfraredspectrumchartshownonpage7,visiblelight

occursstarting at .40µmandends at .70µm. Theinfraredspectrumstarts at .70µmandextends to 1000µm.

Althoughtheusefulrangeof wavelengthsfor infraredheatingapplicationsoccursbetween.70µmto10µm.

Wien's Law:

Wien's Law gives the wavelength at which the spectral distribution (given by Planck's Law) of

the radiation emitted by a blackbody is at a maximum point. Note, however, that according to Plank's

Law a range of wavelengths is emitted from a source at a specific temperature! Wien's Law simply

gives the "peak wavelength".

2.898 x 10 -3 m K

λm = Tk

Where: λm = Peak Wavelength in Meters

Tk = Temperature in K (Kelvin)

K = (°F + 460)/1.8

% Of Infrared Radiation Emitted From A Blackbody

Between 3 and 10 µm

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

100

400

700

1000

1300

1600

1900

2200

2500

2800

3100

3400

3700

4000

Temperature, °F

% Radiation Emitted

Tabla de contenidos

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