Aion SKYWAVE Manual de usuario

SKYWAVE GERMANIUM DRIVE 1

PROJECT NAME

SKYWAVE

BASED ON

EFFECT TYPE

PROJECT SUMMARY

DOCUMENT VERSION

Hudson Electronics Broadcast

A hybrid silicon/germanium boost & drive pedal with a transformer-coupled output, with tones spanning

the decades from vintage to modern.

Germanium fuzz/overdrive 1.0.0 (2023-07-04)

BUILD DIFFICULTY

Intermediate

Actual size is 2.3” x 2.43” (main board) and 1.78” x 0.90” (bypass board).

SKYWAVE GERMANIUM DRIVE 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1Project Overview 8Drill Template

2Introduction & Usage 9Enclosure Layout

3-5 Parts List 10 Wiring Diagram

6Build Notes 11 Licensing

7Schematic 11 Document Revisions

INTRODUCTION

The Skywave Germanium Drive is an adaptation of the Hudson Electronics Broadcast, a germanium

preamp/overdrive pedal based on vintage broadcast consoles from the 1960s. It uses a hybrid of silicon

and germanium transistors in class-A configuration, plus a transformer at the output that saturates on

higher drive levels.

The Broadcast was originally released in 2015, and has since had a few new variants including one that

runs on 24V and another with a second footswitchable gain mode with its own level control. (There was

also a limited-run version that combined both of these features into one.)

The Skywave is primarily based on the original Broadcast, but it adds a voltage-tripler circuit to allow

selectable 18V or 24V power from a standard 9V supply. It also incorporates a 3-way gain switch, adding

an extra position adapted from the 24V version of the Broadcast.

USAGE

The Skywave has three knobs, one toggle, and one internal slide switch:

• Gain sets the amount of feedback from the germanium transistor stage that is fed back into the

initial silicon transistor stage.

• Low Cut cuts the bass frequencies as it’s turned up, going from mushy or flabby to tight, with the

right mix of fullness somewhere in between.

• Level is an output volume control.

• Gain Mode (toggle) selects between three gain ratios for the first transistor stage—low, medium

and high—which affect the range of the Gain knob.

• Voltage (slide switch) selects between 9V, 18V and 24V supply voltages.

SKYWAVE GERMANIUM DRIVE 3

PARTS LIST

This parts list is also available in a spreadsheet format which can be imported directly into Mouser for

easy parts ordering. Mouser doesn’t carry all the parts—notably potentiometers—so the second tab lists

all the non-Mouser parts as well as sources for each.

View parts list spreadsheet →

PART VALUE TYPE NOTES

R1 220k Metal film resistor, 1/4W

R2 5k6 Metal film resistor, 1/4W

R3 5k6 Metal film resistor, 1/4W

R4 68R Metal film resistor, 1/4W

R5 470R Metal film resistor, 1/4W

R6 5k6 Metal film resistor, 1/4W

R7 4k7 Metal film resistor, 1/4W

R8 5k6 Metal film resistor, 1/4W

R9 15k Metal film resistor, 1/4W

R10 33k Metal film resistor, 1/4W

R11 1k Metal film resistor, 1/4W

R12 56k Metal film resistor, 1/4W

R13 33k Metal film resistor, 1/4W

RPD 1M Metal film resistor, 1/4W Input pull-down resistor.

LEDR 10k Metal film resistor, 1/4W LED current-limiting resistor. Adjust value to change LED brightness.

C1 10uF Electrolytic capacitor, 5mm

C2 1uF Film capacitor, 7.2 x 3.5mm

C3 330pF MLCC capacitor, NP0/C0G

C4 100uF Electrolytic capacitor, 6.3mm

C5 100uF Electrolytic capacitor, 6.3mm

C6 100uF Electrolytic capacitor, 6.3mm

C7 1n Film capacitor, 7.2 x 2.5mm

C8 330n Film capacitor, 7.2 x 2.5mm

C9 330uF/35V Electrolytic capacitor, 8mm See build notes for sourcing information.

C10 100uF Electrolytic capacitor, 6.3mm

C11 220uF Electrolytic capacitor, 6.3mm 120uF in original. See build notes.

C12 10uF Electrolytic capacitor, 5mm Power supply filter capacitor.

C13 470n MLCC capacitor, X7R Power supply filter capacitor.

C14 10uF Electrolytic capacitor, 5mm Power supply filter capacitor.

C15 10uF Electrolytic capacitor, 5mm Power supply filter capacitor.

C16 10uF Electrolytic capacitor, 5mm Power supply filter capacitor.

C17 10uF Electrolytic capacitor, 5mm Power supply filter capacitor.

SKYWAVE GERMANIUM DRIVE 4

PARTS LIST, CONT.

PART VALUE TYPE NOTES

C18 470n MLCC capacitor, X7R Power supply filter capacitor.

C19 220uF Electrolytic capacitor, 6.3mm Power supply filter capacitor.

C20 100n MLCC capacitor, X7R Power supply filter capacitor.

D1 1N5817 Schottky diode, DO-41

D2 1N4001 Rectifier diode, DO-41

D3 1N4001 Rectifier diode, DO-41

D4 1N4001 Rectifier diode, DO-41

D5 1N4001 Rectifier diode, DO-41

Z1 1N4742A Zener diode, 12V, DO-41

Q1 2N5088 BJT transistor, NPN, TO-92 Original uses BC549C, but 2N5088 is the USA equivalent.

Q2 2N404A Transistor, PNP germanium See build notes. Original uses either Russian MP20 or NTE 2N404A.

IC1 LT1054CP Operational amplifier, single, DIP8 Can also use TC1044SCPA.

IC1-S DIP-8 socket IC socket, DIP-8

TRIM 1k trimmer Trimmer, 10%, 1/4"

XFM TY-141P Transformer, audio, 10KCT/10KCT Triad Magnetics TY-141P.

VOLTAGE DP3T slide Slide switch, DP3T E-Switch EG2308

LED 5mm LED, 5mm, red diffused

IN 1/4" mono 1/4" phone jack, closed frame Switchcraft 111X or equivalent.

OUT 1/4" mono 1/4" phone jack, closed frame Switchcraft 111X or equivalent.

DC 2.1mm DC jack, 2.1mm panel mount Mouser 163-4302-E or equivalent.

FSW 3PDT Stomp switch, 3PDT

ENC 125B Enclosure, die-cast aluminum Can also use a Hammond 1590N1.

SKYWAVE GERMANIUM DRIVE 5

BUILD NOTES

Silicon transistor selection

The Broadcast uses a BC549C for Q1, the NPN transistor. The Skywave layout uses the USA E-B-C

convention, so the 2N5088 is specified as an equivalent, but if you want to use the BC549C then just

rotate it 180 degrees from the silkscreen.

Germanium transistor selection

The manufacturer has used different types of germanium transistors for Q2 across the different models.

The most common type is the Russian MП20 (MP20), which are typically in the range of 60 to 80 hFE

with less than 100µA of leakage current. Others including the Dual Broadcast use the NTE 2N404A, a

new-production germanium that is anywhere from 50 to 250 hFE. The 2N404A taken from a Broadcast

in this video measured at 216 hFE with 125µA leakage.

With this said, given the ranges in the originals, the gain of the germanium transistor likely does not

make a big impact on the sound. Just use what you can find, taking care that the leakage isn’t too high

(perhaps 200-300µA maximum).

330µF capacitor

The Broadcast uses a 330µF electrolytic capacitor for C9, the low-cut section. It’s unlikely that there

would be an audible difference between this and a lower value such as 220µF, but we’ll assume they

chose it for a reason.

330µF is a less common value than 220µF or 470µF, and in this application it needs to be 35V or higher

since it connects directly to the positive supply, which may be as high as 24V depending on the Voltage

slide switch.

The Mouser parts list provides a part number that will fit the Skywave layout, but if you source a

different one, it may be physically larger than the one we designed around. If this is the case, there is

plenty of space for it to be folded over and lay flat on the board if needed.

Gain trimmer

The internal gain trimmer sets the gain of the silicon transistor in the first amplifier stage. This gain

setting applies to all three toggle switch modes. As you turn it up, resistance is reduced and the

transistor gain increases.

This is purely a set-to-taste control, not a bias, so there is no calibration procedure or target voltage. In

the original Broadcast, it’s set to the minimum position by default, but is intended to user-adjustable.

Listen to all three modes of the gain switch across the range of the Gain knob, and adjust the trimmer

until each mode is useful.

SCHEMATIC

SKYWAVE GERMANIUM DRIVE 6

GND

1N5817

220uF

250kA

100kA

10kA

+9V

100n

10uF

1uF

330pF

220k

LT1054CP

1N4001 1N4001

10uF

470n

GND

220uF

1N4742A

1N4001 1N4001

10uF 10uF 10uF

GND

GND GND

GND

56k

33k

10uF

GND GND

2N5088

5k6

100uF

GND

5k6

100uF

68R

GND

470R

2N404A

5k6

GND

4k7

100uF

5k6

330n 330uF

VA VA

100uF

15k

33k

TY-141P

GND GND

GND

GND GND GND

EG2308

OUT

RPD

C19

GAIN

LEVEL

TRIM

LO CUT

C20

GAIN_SW

4 5

IC1 D2 D3

C14

C13

C18

R11

C11

D4 D5

C15 C16 C17

R12

R13

C12

R6 R7

C8 C9

C10

R10

XFM

3 4

SW1A

SW1B

3 2

GND

SKYWAVE GERMANIUM DRIVE 7

DRILL TEMPLATE

Cut out this drill template, fold the edges and tape it to the enclosure. Before drilling, it’s recommended

to first use a center punch for each of the holes to help guide the drill bit.

Ensure that this template is printed at 100% or “Actual Size”. You can double-check this by measuring

the scale on the printed page.

Top jack layout assumes the use of closed-frame jacks like the Switchcraft 111X. If you’d rather use

open-frame jacks, please refer to the Open-Frame Jack Drill Template for the top side.

LED hole drill size assumes the use of a 5mm LED bezel, available from several parts suppliers. Adjust

size accordingly if using something different, such as a 3mm bezel, a plastic bezel, or just a plain LED.

ø3/8” ø1/2”

0.385”

0.625” 0.625”

x: 0, y: -1.775

ø15/32”

x: -0.775, y: -1.775

ø5/16”

ø3/8”

125B

OUT

LEVEL GAIN

LOW

CUT MODE

GAIN

FOOTSWITCHLED

DC IN

x: -0.65, y: +1.71 x: 0.65, y: +1.71

ø9/32” ø9/32”

CENTER (0,0)

x: +0.85, y: +0.66

ø1/4”

x: 0, y: +0.66

ø9/32”

0 1 2

0 1

INCH

SKYWAVE GERMANIUM DRIVE 8

ENCLOSURE LAYOUT

Enclosure is shown without jacks. See next page for jack layout and wiring.

125B

SKYWAVE GERMANIUM DRIVE 9

WIRING DIAGRAM

125B

IN +VGND NC NC OUT

PCB

GND +V +V JACK GND JACK

OUTIN

GND GND PCB

OUT

SKYWAVE GERMANIUM DRIVE 10

LICENSE & USAGE

No direct support is offered for these projects beyond the provided documentation. It’s assumed

that you have at least some experience building pedals before starting one of these. Replacements and

refunds cannotbe offered unless it can be shown that the circuit or documentation are in error.

All of these circuits have been tested in good faith in their base configurations. However, not all the

modifications or variations have necessarily been tested. These are offered only as suggestions based

on the experience and opinions of others.

Projects may be used for commercial endeavors in any quantity unless specifically noted. No

attribution is necessary, though a link back is always greatly appreciated. The only usage restrictions

are that (1) you cannot resell the PCB as part of a kit without prior arrangement, and (2) you cannot

“goop” the circuit, scratch off the screenprint, or otherwise obfuscate the circuit to disguise its source.

(In other words: you don’t have to go out of your way to advertise the fact that you use these PCBs, but

please don’t go out of your way to hide it. The guitar effects industry needs more transparency, not less!)

DOCUMENT REVISIONS

1.0.0 (2023-07-04)

Initial release.

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