WPI APOLLO 4000 Manual de usuario
APOLLO 4000
World’s first fully-integrated Free Radical Analyzer
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
Serial No._____________________
061506
World Precision Instruments
www.wpiinc.com
APOLLO 4000
WARNING
This instrument must not be connected to a local
network nor to the Internet. Do not attach any
peripheral device other than a USB printer. Any
change to the proprietary hard disk registry in this
device — whether by virus or by normally benign
hardware or software installations — may render the
drive or the Apollo software inoperable, requiring the
instrument’s return to the factory for reformatting.
File corruption or damage to applications or
operating system caused by such use will not be
covered by the Warranty.
APOLLO 4000
WORLD PRECISION INSTRUMENTS 3
Copyright © 2003 by World Precision Instruments, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or translated into
any language, in any form, without prior written permission of World Precision Instruments, Inc.
Contents
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... A-1
Design Architecture ........................................................................................ A-2
Plug-and-Play Design ..................................................................................... A-2
Free Radical Sensor Technology .................................................................... A-2
Instrument Description ................................................................................... A-3
Unpacking ...................................................................................................... A-5
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS ........................................................... B-1
Setting up the APOLLO 4000 ......................................................................... B-1
APOLLO.EXE Operating Software .................................................................. B-4
Example of a real signal application ............................................................ B-12
USING THE APOLLO 4000 TO DETECT NITRIC OXIDE ................... C-1
Initial Set-up .................................................................................................... C-1
Calibration of the NO Sensor .......................................................................... C-1
The Calibration Kit .......................................................................................... C-1
Calibration by the chemical generation of NO ............................................... C-2
Calibration of NO sensor by decomposition of SNAP .................................... C-7
Calibration of NO sensor using aqueous standards prepared with NO Gas C-15
Measurement of NO ..................................................................................... C-18
Maintenance of NO Sensors ........................................................................ C-20
USING THE APOLLO 4000 TO DETECT OXYGEN ............................ D-1
Initial Set-up .................................................................................................... D-1
Calibration and Use of Oxygen Sensors ........................................................ D-1
Calibration ...................................................................................................... D-2
Probe Structure and Assembly....................................................................... D-8
USING THE APOLLO 4000 TO DETECT HYDROGEN PEROXIDE..... E-1
Initial Set-up ..................................................................................................... E-1
The structure of the HPO sensor ..................................................................... E-1
Calibration of the HPO Sensor ........................................................................ E-2
Calibration Procedure ...................................................................................... E-2
Interference ..................................................................................................... E-4
Maintenance of HPO Sensors .........................................................................E-4
TROUBLESHOOTING FOR APOLLO 4000 ........................................ F-1
APPENDIX: BASIC GROUNDING & SHIELDING PRINCIPLES ........ G-1
APOLLO 4000
INTRODUCTION
WORLD PRECISION INSTRUMENTS A-1
INTRODUCTION
The APOLLO 4000 is the end result of an
extensive three-year research and
development program aimed at designing the
most advanced multifunctional free radical
detection system available. Building on
WPI’s worldwide-recognized expertise in
the field of nitric oxide detection and the
success of its popular NO detector (the
ISO-NO series), WPI’s scientists
embarked on an ambitious plan to
develop a state-of-the-art free radical
detection system incorporating the very
latest digital signal processing (DSP) technology.
The APOLLO 4000 is an optically isolated multi-channel electrode-based free
radical analyzer designed specifically for the detection of a variety of redox-
reactive species of biomedical importance. The electrochemical (amperometric)
detection principle used is similar to that employed in WPI’s popular nitric oxide
detection system, the ISO-NO Mark II. However, the APOLLO 4000 incorporates
numerous highly advanced design features that enable it to detect a broad range
of redox-reactive species with unsurpassed accuracy and sensitivity. Using WPI’s
extensive range of free radical sensing electrodes the APOLLO 4000 is able to
detect nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, s-nitrosothiols and oxygen. On-going
research at WPI is focusing on expanding the range of detectable species.
NO sensors used with ISO-NO Mark II are completely compatible with the APOLLO
4000.
APOLLO 4000
INTRODUCTION
WORLD PRECISION INSTRUMENTSA-2
Design Architecture
The APOLLO 4000 is based on an optically isolated 4-channel configuration (a 2-
channel version is also available). This design enables simultaneous real-time
measurement of NO (or other free radicals) to be performed using up to 4 different
electrodes. In addition, each free radical sensing channel also contains an
independent channel for temperature measurement.
APOLLO 4000 incorporates a powerful single board computer and proprietary
software (apollo.exe) that enables real-time display and data-acquisition of
individual channels or any combination of channels. An extensive graphical user
interface (GUI) based on a full color LCD monitor allows complete control and
programming of all detection and data-acquisition parameters to be made using
the standard keyboard and mouse included with the system.
The APOLLO 4000 consists of two functionally independent modules: Front End
Converter (FEC) and User Interface (UI). The FEC is an 8-channel data-acquisition
module based on a 24-bit A-to-D and 16-bit D-to-A conversion driven by a Digital
Signal Processor (DSP). The User Interface is built on a standard PC platform with
Windows 2000®operating system. A standard serial port (RS232) provides the
communication between the FEC and UI. The system is fully compatible with a
standard keyboard and mouse and can be readily interfaced with PC’s, computer
networks, printers, and any device that uses Ethernet Tbase-10/100, USB, Serial
Port or Parallel Port communications.
Plug-and-Play Design
The APOLLO 4000 is designed for use with WPI’s range of free radical sensors.
The user simply plugs the required sensor into any one of the input channels
located on the instruments main front panel and then selects the detection and
acquisition parameters using the integrated software control. Each channel is also
provided with an independent temperature input port that allows real-time
monitoring of temperature using WPI’s appropriate temperature sensors.
Free Radical Sensor Technology
The APOLLO 4000 and its associated free radical sensors can provide fast,
accurate, and stable measurements over a wide range of concentrations in both
aqueous solutions and in gas mixtures. Its features include a rapid response time,
APOLLO 4000
INTRODUCTION
WORLD PRECISION INSTRUMENTS A-3
high sensitivity and selectivity, ease of use, and versatility unmatched by any other
similar instrument.
The detection principles are based on the electrochemical (amperometric)
response produced by the various compatible free radical sensors. In summary,
the free radical of interest diffuses through a selective membrane covering the
sensor and is oxidized at the working electrode, resulting in an electrical (redox)
current. The amount of redox current produced is proportional to the free radical
concentration in the sample. All of WPI’s free radical sensors are “combination
electrodes” in which the sensing and reference electrodes have been combined
within a high performance Faraday shield designed to minimize susceptibility to
environmental noise. The Apollo software can be programmed to display either
redox current (
e.g.
, pA) or concentration (
e.g.
, nM). Output from the APOLLO 4000
can also be collected via BNC connectors on the rear panel of the instrument.
APOLLO 4000 is fully compatible with WPI’s extensive range of free radical
sensors. Currently this range of sensors includes electrodes for monitoring; nitric
oxide, oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. However, new sensors are currently in
development. For details on the complete list of compatible sensors please see the
latest WPI product catalog, or visit WPI’s website (www.wpiinc.com).
Instrument Description
Parts List
The package should contain the following items:
Part No. Description
APOLLO4000 Free Radical Analyzer
800408 Standard Keyboard
800407 Standard Mouse
800406 17” LCD monitor
35209 Program CD
—Power cables
—Instruction Manual
APOLLO 4000
INTRODUCTION
WORLD PRECISION INSTRUMENTSA-4
}
Channels
Temperature
LED (red)
Sensor
LED
(green)
Power
Temperature
Input
Sensor Input
DVD / CD-RW
Drive
Mains
Power
110V/220V
Switch
mouse
Power
Supply for
Monitor
Keyboard
Analog
Outputs
(BNC)
USB
Ethernet
Serial
Video
Audio
Output
Audio
Input
LR
Parallel Joystick
APOLLO 4000
INTRODUCTION
WORLD PRECISION INSTRUMENTS A-5
Unpacking
Upon receipt of this product, make a thorough inspection of the contents and check
for possible damage. Missing cartons or obvious damage to cartons should be noted
on the delivery receipt before signing. Concealed loss or damage should be re-
ported at once to the carrier and an inspection requested. Please read the section
entitled “Claims and Returns” on the Warranty page of this manual.
Returns: Do not return any goods to WPI without obtaining prior approval (RMA #
required) and instructions from our Returns Department. Goods returned (unautho-
rized) by collect freight may be refused. If a return shipment is necessary, use the
original container. If the original container is not available, use a suitable substitute
that is rigid and of adequate size. Wrap the instrument in paper or plastic surrounded
with at least 100 mm (four inches) of shock absorbing material. Please read the sec-
tion entitled “Claims and Returns” on the Warranty page of this manual.
APOLLO 4000
INTRODUCTION
WORLD PRECISION INSTRUMENTSA-6
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