Terra Exploration Group EZ Res Pro Manual de usuario

Terra EZ Res Pro 2,3 and 4 Probes

Earth R/P Analyzer

Easy Resistivity User’s Guide

Terra EZ Res Pro

Terra Exploration Group

Austin, Texas USA

512-280-9600

WWW.TexGru.com

Table of Contents

Page 1……Introduction; Warning; General Provisions

Page 2……How Resistivity Works; Two-probe array

Page 3……Two-probe array continuation

Page 4……How-to examples; How to find cave/tunnel

Page 5……How to find water

Page 6……How to find metallic mineral veins or large metal

Cache

Page 7……Four Probe Arrays: Wenner, Schlumberger, Dipole-

Dipole

Page 7……Wenner Array

Page 8……Schlumberger Array

Page 9……Dipole-Dipole Array

Page 10…..Battery Replacement

Important Notices:

1. This User’s Guide is intended to provide a general understanding of soil resistivity and

and how to conduct soil resistivity surveys. Another smaller booklet User’s Guide is also

included, which offers in-depth technical information about the Terra EZ ResTM Pro and

in-depth information about earth resistance and earth voltage. You should read and

understand the small booklet User’s Guide as well as this Easy Resistivity User’s

Guide to receive the most from this powerful and valuable instrument.

2. The main electronics unit, set into the face plate of the protective case is removable to

replace batteries or to use as a stand-alone unit. For example, if you need to carry the

EZ Res to a remote site where volume and weight are factors, the main unit can be easily

removed to carry in a small backpack. To remove the main unit, gently lift the front edge

of the unit out of the face plate of the protective case and pull forward to clear the four

plugs connected to the top of the unit. Disconnect the four plugs. To use the unit in

stand-alone mode, connect the corresponding colored resistivity wire/plug combination

into the sockets at the top of the unit and operate normally. The alphabetic symbols

shown with the sockets at the top of the unit relate to the small booklet’s references for

Earth Voltage and Resistance.

3. The Terra EZ Res Pro (unit) is warranted against defects in materials and

workmanship for one year from date of purchase. Terra Exploration Group (TexGru)

may, at its’ discretion, repair or replace defective product under this warranty. Incidental

or other damage while unit is out of TexGru control is not covered under this warranty.

Submit warranty information as shown in the included Warranty Information sheet.

Terra EZ ResTM Pro---Easy Resistivity Guide

Thank you for purchasing the Terra EZ Res Pro, the easiest-to-use, yet, very

sophisticated earth resistivity (and resistance) scanner. The complete package includes

the electronic host unit within a special protective waterproof case. Contained within a

black barrel zippered bag are the following: red and black wires (50 meters each), yellow

and green wires (25 meters each), two short jumper wire sets, five probes in a canvas

zipper bag, 10 marking flags and two-50 meter measuring tapes. For airline travel, the

protective case with the electronic host unit may be easily carried on-board as a carry-on,

while the separate black bag with the wires and accessories can be packed in checked

luggage. The five probes are simple steel landscaping spikes---if lost or worn out, they

are easily replaced at hardware stores. Optional Voxler earth imaging software and a

formulated spreadsheet to seamlessly load scan data into the software are available from

Terra Exploration Group.

Warning

For best results, thoroughly read and completely understand this Easy Resistivity

User's Guide.



The Terra EZ Res Pro conforms to IEC61010 in design, production and

testing.



Under all circumstances, pay special attention to the safe use of this device.



Avoid nearby use of high-frequency signal generators like mobile phones to

prevent electrical interference errors during device

operation.



Observe warnings and symbols shown on the device.



Make sure that device and accessories are in good working order before use.

Do not use if there are broken parts or exposed areas of test wires. Do not touch

probes while measurement is in progress---risk of electrical shock!!!!



During measurement, do not touch bare conductors or circuits under

measurement.



Before measurement, please set rotary FUNCTION switch to desired

measuring position.



Confirm that connector plug of leads have been completely inserted into

device interface.



Do not expose to Earth Voltage exceeding 600V AC or DC.



Do not operate device in the presence of flammables, as a spark spark could

initiate an explosion or fire.



Do not use device if test wires are damaged with uninsulated wire exposed.



Do not expose the device to high temperatures, high humidity or

condensation.



Do not leave device exposed to direct sunlight for extended periods to avoid

excessive heating of electronics.



For battery replacement, remove testing wire from device interface, and make

sure that rotary FUNCTION switch is in “OFF” position.



Dispose of used batteries in an appropriate manner.



When the meter displays battery low voltage symbol, replace batteries.

Page 1

A. General Provisions of This Guide:

This guide will provide instruction in the general use and understanding of earth

resistivity. It will concentrate on and show how to conduct two-probe resistivity arrays.

Under the four probe category, it will give a basic understanding of Wenner,

Schlumberger and Dipole-Dipole Resistivity arrays. This guide will show how to conduct

resistivity scans in the search for caves/tunnels, water, large metal caches and/or metallic

mineral veins.The analysis of resistivity results is very much a quest for anomalies.

Whether one is looking for caves/tunnels, water, large metal caches and/or metallic

mineral veins, anomalies and their identification are sought---a significant difference from

what is seen at any depth within “normal” ground conditions. This guide boils down very

complicated science and mathematics so that resistivity is more easily understood to

provide a comfortable, confident and results-oriented work environment.

B. How Earth Resistivity Works:

Resistivity is the opposite of conductivity. A highly electrically conductive substance will

exhibit low resistivity while the opposite is true for low conductivity substances.

Resistivity is the measure of resistance to electricity flow over varying distances. Higher

electrically conductive substances, like metals for example, will exhibit much lower

resistivity than air (as found in caves/tunnels). Factors that will DECREASE soil

resistivity: (a) High moisture content (b) High soil salinity - more ions to conduct

electricity; (c) Clay minerals. Factors that will INCREASE soil resistivity: (a) Low moisture

content; (b) Low soil salinity; (c) Loose, non-compacted soil/gravel; (d) fractures in dry

rock.

The complete resistivity scan process usually involves many individual scans, requiring

numerous and repeated movements of probes---generally expanding a resistivity line

outwards to achieve greater depth. Depth is generally 52% of the distance between a

given set of probes---this varies slightly according to the type of array utilized and will be

explained later.

Page 2

Two-Probe Resistivity Electricity Flow Pattern

Read Zone

C-

As shown in the above illustration of a two-probe array, current flows to and from the

probes in all directions horizontally and vertically. As the probes are sequentially placed

farther apart, the electric current goes steadily deeper. To calculate the apparent

resistivity, the EZ Res Pro measures the voltage drop from the current sent from the C+

and C- wires to the current received by the P+ and P- wires. The strongest reading

position is in the center of the probes.

Two probe array:

The two probe array is the most simple to set up and the fastest/easiest to conduct. For

a quick look before possibly following with more complex four-probe arrays, the two

probe array is the best way to start a serious resistivity study. (See following cross-

section illustration of two probe array):

Page 3

Scan 1

Scan 2

Scan 3

Scan 4

Two-Probe Array

Center Depth = 52% of Distance Between Probes

Charge Zone = 50%-160% of Center Depth

a. Locate the most likely position believed to be directly over the center of your target.

b. Estimate the depth of your target in METERS----for example 10 meters.

c. Multiply the estimated target depth in METERS by 80% to establish the first spacing of

the two probes---10 meters x 80% = 8 meters initial spacing---centered over spot

believed to be directly over the center of the target.Subsequent spacing of probes is

calculated by multiplying the previous spacing by 1.585. Therefore, subsequent spacing

is calculated as follows: #2 = 8m x1.585=12.68m; #3=12.68mx1.585=20m;

#4=20mx1.585=31.70m; #5=31.70mx1.585=50.24m. This system provides a logarithmic

progression of probe spacing so that the center of the second measurement zone

overlaps the first and so on as is required to properly examine the area under study. This

system provides for hitting the estimated target depth on the third spacing of the probes.

d. One of the two probes will be connected via alligator clip to the red long wire, which will

be connected to the red and yellow jumper wire set, which then plugs into to the red and

yellow binding posts on the face of the Terra EZ Res Pro. The second probe will be

connected via alligator clip to the black long wire, which will be connected to the black

and green jumper wire set, which then plugs into to the black and green binding posts on

the face of the Terra EZ Res Pro.

e. After the two probes are in their initial position (hammered solidly into the ground and

water soaked around the probes if the soil is dry) and the wires are connected properly

between the probes and the Terra EZ Res Pro, turn the “FUNCTION” switch from “OFF”

to “P EARTH”. Press “SET” for about three seconds and enter the initial probe spacing in

METERS (do not use feet) by using the “UP” or “DOWN” “ARROW BUTTONS” to select

your probe spacing value in METERS (Meters = Feet/3.28).Press ”START”, and the

LED screen will show measurement calculations in progress through movement of the

indicator on the digital dial. Following each re-spacing of the probes, repeat the process

of entering the new probe spacing in meters. Once each scan is complete, the resulting

“Ohms-Meters” numerical value will be shown on the screen. Save this value to

memory by pressing “MEM” button twice. The EZ Res Pro stores the results of each

scan internally, but it is a good idea to manually record the probe spacing and apparent

resistivity results of each scan for easy and quick field reference. Move the probes out to

the subsequent carefully planned and measured spacing positions (maintain original

center position) and repeat the scan procedure after each new probe placement.

Page 4

C. How-to examples: use of the two-probe array is shown as it is the simplest

array and the fastest/easiest scan to conduct:

1.How to find caves/tunnels: The illustration below shows overhead and cross-section

views of a two-probe resistivity array in a hypothetical search for a cave or tunnel. First,

Control Scans are conducted to determine “NORMAL” soil resistivity at various depths.

Once “NORMAL” conditions are known, Test Scans can be run in the search for a cave

or tunnel. If a very significant increase (vs Control) in apparent resistivity is noted at

some depth as is shown in the following illustration, there is a good possibility that a cave

or tunnel has been found. To improve confidence in the possible cave/tunnel find, rotate

probes alignment 90 degrees (maintaining the same center) and repeat the scans.

Remember the strongest reading comes from the center of the probe spacing so, farther

lateral movement of the moved array (to one side or the other) is warranted in trying to

find higher resistivity numbers. If the array is moved linearly in one direction and the

numbers drop, movement away from the target is indicated. On the other hand, if linear

movement of the array produces higher numbers, movement toward the target is

indicated. Always make sure probes are driven in to the soil within one inch of the probe

head and that firm contact is made with the soil. Wetting (salty water is best) soil around

solidly-placed probes assures good soil/probe contact.

3m@110 Ohms

4.3m@112 Ohms

4.3m@180 Ohms

6.8m@115 Ohms

6.8m@700 Ohms

10.8m@118 Ohms

10.8m@300 Ohms

17.1m@124 Ohms

Control Scans

Test Scans

Cave/Tunnel

Overhead View

1.5m

2.15m

3.40m

5.40m

8.87m

Test Scans Cross-section View

Significant

Anomaly

Page 5

2.How to find water: The illustration below shows overhead and cross-section views of

a two- probe resistivity array in a hypothetical search for water. The methodology is

exactly the same as explained in the cave/tunnel example with the only difference being

that an indication of water at some depth will exhibit a significant decrease in resistivity

numbers as water is generally more electrically conductive than the surrounding soil.

3m@425 Ohms

4.3m@450 Ohms

4.3m@250 Ohms

6.8m@460Ohms

6.8m @ 90 Ohms

10.8m@480 Ohms

10.8m@280 Ohms

17.1m@500 Ohms

Control Scans

Water

Overhead View

1.5m

2.15m

5.40m

8.87m

Test Scans Cross-section View

Significant

Anomaly

3.40m

Test Scans

3m@425 Ohms

Page 6

3.How to find metallic mineral veins or large metal caches: The illustration below

shows overhead and cross-section views of a two-probe resistivity array in a hypothetical

search for a metallic mineral vein. The methodology is exactly the same as explained in

the water example whereby resistivity at some depth will exhibit a very significant

decrease in resistivity numbers as metallic mineral veins are always more electrically

conductive than the surrounding normal soil.

3m@425 Ohms

4.3m@450 Ohms

4.3m@250 Ohms

6.8m@460 Ohms

6.8m @ 90 Ohm s

10.8m@480 Ohms

10.8m@280 Ohms

17.1m@500 Ohms

Control Scans

Test Scans

Metallic Mineral Vein

Overhead View

1.5m

2.15m

5.40m

8.87m

Test Scans Cross-section View

Significant

Anomaly

3.40m

Page 7

D. Four probe arrays: Wenner, Schlumberger and Dipole-Dipole

As discussed earlier, four probe arrays yield more precise results than the recommended

procedure of starting with two probe arrays using four wires. The four probe arrays are

also much more difficult and time consuming to conduct. The results of four probe arrays

can be dramatically enhanced with earth-imaging software such as Voxler, AGI Earth

Imager and Zond---available from the individual software producers.

1.Wenner Array: Four probes with “a” spacing of equal distances with all in a straight

line. The red and black wires are connected to the outside probes. The yellow and

green wires are connected to the inside probes. Multiple test scans should be conducted

to determine “normal” ground conditions at various depths. After each scan is completed,

all probes are moved farther apart (maintain original center point) each time by a factor of

1.585X previous spread and a new scan is conducted. The EZ Res Pro stores the

results of each scan internally, but it is a good idea to manually record the probe spacing

and apparent resistivity results of each scan for easy and quick reference. As in any

resistivity scan, the search is for noticeable anomalies from “normal”.

C+ P+ P- C-

Wenner Array Electricity Flow Pattern

Wenner Array

Electric Current Zones

Electric Voltage Zones and Primary Diagnostic Read Zones

(between P+ and P- probes)

Probe

C-

Read Zone Depth: Center =

“a” Spacing X .519

Top = Center X .50

Bottom = Center X 1.60

C+

C-

P+

P-

Scan 1

Scan 2

Scan 3

Page 8

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