PCB Piezotronics ICP 602D11 Manual de usuario

The information contained in this document supersedes all similar information that

may be found elsewhere in this manual.

Service –Due to the sophisticated

nature of the sensors and associated

instrumentation provided by PCB

Piezotronics, user servicing or repair is

not recommended and, if attempted,

may void the factory warranty. Routine

maintenance, such as the cleaning of

electrical connectors, housings, and

mounting surfaces with solutions and

techniques that will not harm the

physical material of construction, is

acceptable. Caution should be observed

to ensure that liquids are not permitted

to migrate into devices that are not

hermetically sealed. Such devices

should only be wiped with a dampened

cloth and never submerged or have

liquids poured upon them.

Repair –In the event that equipment

becomes damaged or ceases to

operate, arrangements should be made

to return the equipment to PCB

Piezotronics for repair. User servicing or

repair is not recommended and, if

attempted, may void the factory

warranty.

Calibration –Routine calibration of

sensors and associated instrumentation

is recommended as this helps build

confidence in measurement accuracy

and acquired data. Equipment

calibration cycles are typically

established by the users own quality

regimen. When in doubt about a

calibration cycle, a good “rule of thumb”

is to recalibrate on an annual basis. It is

also good practice to recalibrate after

exposure to any severe temperature

extreme, shock, load, or other

environmental influence, or prior to any

critical test.

PCB Piezotronics maintains an ISO-

9001 certified metrology laboratory and

offers calibration services, which are

accredited by A2LA to ISO/IEC 17025,

with full traceability to SI through

N.I.S.T. In addition to the normally

supplied calibration, special testing is

also available, such as: sensitivity at

elevated or cryogenic temperatures,

phase response, extended high or low

frequency response, extended range,

leak testing, hydrostatic pressure

testing, and others. For information on

standard recalibration services or

special testing, contact your local PCB

Piezotronics distributor, sales

representative, or factory customer

service representative.

Returning Equipment –Following

these procedures will ensure that your

returned materials are handled in the

most expedient manner. Before

returning any equipment to PCB

Piezotronics, contact your local

distributor, sales representative, or

factory customer service representative

to obtain a Return Warranty, Service,

Repair, and Return Policies and

Instructions Materials Authorization

(RMA) Number. This RMA number

should be clearly marked on the outside

of all package(s) and on the packing

Service, Repair, and Return

Policies and Instructions

list(s) accompanying the shipment. A

detailed account of the nature of the

problem(s) being experienced with the

equipment should also be included

inside the package(s) containing any

returned materials.

A Purchase Order, included with the

returned materials, will expedite the

turn-around of serviced equipment. It is

recommended to include authorization

on the Purchase Order for PCB to

proceed with any repairs, as long as

they do not exceed 50% of the

replacement cost of the returned

item(s). PCB will provide a price

quotation or replacement

recommendation for any item whose

repair costs would exceed 50% of

replacement cost, or any item that is not

economically feasible to repair. For

routine calibration services, the

Purchase Order should include

authorization to proceed and return at

current pricing, which can be obtained

from a factory customer service

representative.

Contact Information –International

customers should direct all inquiries to

their local distributor or sales office. A

complete list of distributors and offices

can be found at www.pcb.com.

Customers within the United States may

contact their local sales representative

or a factory customer service

representative. A complete list of sales

representatives can be found at

www.pcb.com. Toll-free telephone

numbers for a factory customer service

representative, in the division

responsible for this product, can be

found on the title page at the front of this

manual. Our ship to address and

general contact numbers are:

PCB Piezotronics, Inc.

3425 Walden Ave.

Depew, NY14043 USA

Toll-free: (800) 828-8840

24-hour SensorLineSM: (716) 684-0001

Website: www.pcb.com

E-mail: [email protected]

PCB工业监视和测量设备 - 中国RoHS2公布表

PCB Industrial Monitoring and Measuring Equipment - China RoHS 2 Disclosure Table

部件名称

有害物质

铅(Pb)

汞

(Hg)

镉

(Cd)

六价铬(Cr(VI))

多溴联苯 (PBB)

多溴二苯醚(PBDE)

住房

PCB板

电气连接器

压电晶体

环氧

铁氟龙

电子

厚膜基板

电线

电缆

塑料

焊接

铜合金/黄铜

本表格依据 SJ/T 11364 的规定编制。

O：表示该有害物质在该部件所有均质材料中的含量均在 GB/T 26572 规定的限量要求以下。

X：表示该有害物质至少在该部件的某一均质材料中的含量超出 GB/T 26572 规定的限量要求。

铅是欧洲RoHS指令2011/65/ EU附件三和附件四目前由于允许的豁免。

CHINA RoHS COMPLIANCE

DOCUMENT NUMBER: 21354

DOCUMENT REVISION: D

ECN: 46162

Component Name

Hazardous Substances

Lead

(Pb)

Mercury

(Hg)

Cadmium

(Cd)

Chromium VI

Compounds

(Cr(VI))

Polybrominated

Biphenyls

(PBB)

Polybrominated

Diphenyl

Ethers (PBDE)

Housing

PCB Board

Electrical

Connectors

Piezoelectric

Crystals

Epoxy

Teflon

Electronics

Thick Film

Substrate

Wires

Cables

Plastic

Solder

Copper Alloy/Brass

This table is prepared in accordance with the provisions of SJ/T 11364.

O: Indicates that said hazardous substance contained in all of the homogeneous materials for this part is below the limit

requirement of GB/T 26572.

X: Indicates that said hazardous substance contained in at least one of the homogeneous materials for this part is above

the limit requirement of GB/T 26572.

Lead is present due to allowed exemption in Annex III or Annex IV of the European RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU.

MANUAL NUMBER: 18405

MANUAL REVISION: A

ECN NUMBER: 49766

Operating Guide with Enclosed Warranty Information

3424 Walden Avenue, Depew, New York 14043-2495

Phone (716) 684-0003

Fax (716) 684-3823

Toll Free Line 1-800-959-4IMI

Piezoelectric ICP® Accelerometers Operating Guide

General

OPERATING GUIDE

for use with

PIEZOELECTRIC ICP® ACCELEROMETERS

SPECIFICATION SHEET, INSTALLATION DRAWING AND CALIBRATION INFORMATION ENCLOSED

IMI ASSUMES NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED TO THIS PRODUCT AS A RESULT OF

PROCEDURES THAT ARE INCONSISTENT WITH THIS OPERATING GUIDE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Congratulations on the purchase of a quality ICP®

industrial sensor. In order to ensure the highest level of

performance for this product, it is imperative that you

properly familiarize yourself with the correct mounting

and installation techniques before attempting to

operate this device. If, after reading this manual, you

have any additional questions concerning this sensor or

its application, feel free to call an Application Engineer

at 716-684-0003 or 800-959-4464.

Proper sensor selection requires special attention to

three main areas: sensor design, dynamic

expectations, and application environment.

Sensor design encompasses the actual sensing

element, the physical material, and component

selection for the sensor. Preferred industrial

accelerometers employ a shear sensing element

with either a quartz or ceramic crystal.

Quartz sensing elements are typically used when

long-term stability and minimum output shifts due

to temperature changes are desired. Ceramic

sensing elements provide excellent resolution and

durability in noisy environments, and can be

designed to supply low-frequency and high-

frequency measurements. Shear-design sensors are

preferred because of their inherent insensitivity to

adverse environmental influences, such as case or

base strain and thermal transients. Internal case

isolation and shielding is important in avoiding

erroneous signals resulting from ground loops

and pick-up of electromagnetic and radio

frequency interference. Other critical material

selection criteria include non-magnetic stainless

steel housing, hermetic sealing, and industrial

military connectors. See Figure 1.

Dynamic expectations are application-specific and

refer to the frequency range of measurement and the

anticipated amplitudes of vibration. After careful

review of the machinery to be monitored, minimum

and maximum measurement frequency ranges may

be established. The minimum measurement

frequency is normally relatedto any sub-harmonics of

running speed or any lower frequencies where

vibration data is to be collected. The maximum

measurement frequency of interest is determined by

the maximum number of harmonics of an event like

running speed, bearing frequencies, or gear mesh.

This measurement frequency range should be well

within the specified frequency range of the sensor.

Amplitude range refers to the anticipated levels of

vibration to be measured. These values are related

to the alarm levels set for the machine. By carefully

evaluating the idiosyncrasies of the machinery, the

predictive maintenance engineer can estimate the

minimum expected vibration levels and ensure that

the electrical noise floor of the accelerometer is less

than those levels.

The environment of the application is a critical

consideration during program implementation. The

sensor chosen must be capable of surviving the wide

range of conditions to which it is subjected;

therefore, take time to evaluate potential

conditions, such as high temperatures and chemical

contaminants. The specified temperature range of

the sensor must conform to the fluctuations of the

environmental temperature. If harsh industrial

chemicals are present, the sensor requires hermetic

sealing and construction that resists corrosion.

Finally, specific location of the sensor within the

environment must be sensible, as both cable and

sensor may be damaged by imprudent installation in

heavily traveled, physically punishing areas.

2.0 ICP® ACCELEROMETERS

Enclosed in the back of this guide is a Specification

Sheet, which lists the complete performance

characteristics of the particular sensor.

All ICP® sensors require a constant current power

source for proper operation. A typical sensing

system includes an ICP® sensor, ordinary two

conductor cable and a basic constant current power

supply (as shown in Figure 2).

The signal conditioner consists of a well-regulated 18

to 30 VDC source (battery or line-powered), a

current-regulating diode (or equivalent constant

current circuit), and a capacitor for decoupling

(removing the bias voltage) the signal.

The current-regulating device is used in place of a

resistor for several reasons. The very high dynamic

resistance of the diode yields a source follower gain

which is extremely close to unity and independent of

input voltage. Also, the diode can be changed to supply

higher currents for driving long cable lengths. Constant

current diodes, as shown in Figure 3, should be used in

ICP® signal conditioners. (The correct orientation of the

diode within the circuit is critical for proper operation.)

Except for special models, standard ICP® sensors require

a minimum of 2 mA for proper operation.

The typical limits for this type of diode are to a 4 mA

maximum rating; however, several diodes can be placed in

parallel for higher current levels. All line-powered signal

conditioners should use higher capacity (up to 20 mA)

constant current circuits in place of the diodes, particularly

when driving long signalcables (see Section 5).

Decoupling of the data signal occurs at the output stage

of the signal conditioner. A 10 to 30 µF capacitor coupled

with a resistor shifts the signal level to essentially

eliminate the sensor bias voltage. The result is a drift-free

AC mode of operation.

3.0 OPTIONAL FEATURES

In addition to standard features, a variety of options

are also available. When listed before the model

number, the following prefix letters indicate that the

sensor is manufactured or supplied with optional

features:

CS - Canadian Standards Association Approved

Sensor

D - Dummy, non-working sensor for display purposes

EX - Cenelec Approved Sensor

FM - Factory Mutual Approval Sensor

HT - High temperature accelerometer (325 ˚F)

LB - Low Bias electronics

LC - Limited Calibration (one point calibration)

LP - Low Pass filter

M - Metric mounting hardware and cable length

U - Usable demonstration sensor (does not meet one

of more minor specifications)

VO - Velocity Output Sensors

MS –Mine Safety Approved Sensors

TO –Temperature Output Sensor

Note: Not all sensors are available with the optional

prefixes. Contact the factory to discuss special

features that may be needed.

4.0 INSTALLATION OVERVIEW

When choosing a mounting method, consider closely both

the advantages and disadvantages of each technique.

Characteristics like location, ruggedness, amplitude range,

accessibility, temperature, and portability are extremely

critical. However, the most important and often

overlooked consideration is the effect the mounting

technique has on the high-frequency operating range of

the accelerometer.

Shown in Figure 4 are six possible mounting techniques

and their effects on the performance of a typical

piezoelectric accelerometer. (Note: Not all of the

mounting methods may apply to your particular sensor.)

The mounting configurations and corresponding graph

demonstrate how the high-frequency response of the

accelerometer may be compromised as mass is added to

the system and/or the mounting stiffness is reduced.

Note: The low-frequency response is unaffected by the

mounting technique. This roll-off behavior is typically fixed

by the sensor’s built-in electronics. However, when

operating AC-coupled signal conditioners with readout

devices having an input impedance of less than one

megaohm, the low frequency range may be affected.

4.1 STANDARD STUD MOUNT

This mounting technique requires smooth, flat

contact surfaces for proper operation and is

recommended for permanent and/or secure

installations. Stud mounting is also recommended

when testing at high frequencies.

Note: Do NOT attempt mounting on curved, rough,

or uneven surfaces, as the potential for misalignment

and limited contact surface may significantly reduce

the sensor’s upper operating frequency range.

STEP 1: First, prepare a smooth, flat mounting

surface and then drill and tap a mounting hole in the

center of this area as shown in Figure 5.

A precision-machined mounting surface with a

minimum finish of 63 µin (0.0016 mm) is

recommended. (If it is not possible to properly prepare

the machine surface, consider using an adhesive

mounting pad as a possible alternative.) Inspect the

area, checking that there are no burrs or other foreign

particles interfering with the contact surface.

STEP 2: Wipe clean the mounting surface and spread

on a light film of grease, oil, or similar coupling fluid

prior to installation. See Figure 6.

Adding a coupling fluid improves vibration

transmissibility by filling small voids in the mounting

surface and increasing the mounting stiffness. For

semi-permanent mounting, substitute epoxy or another

type of adhesive.

STEP 3: Hand-tighten the sensor/mounting stud to the

machine, then secure the sensor with a torque wrench to

the mounting surface by applying the recommended

mounting torque. (See enclosed specification data sheet

for proper mounting torque.)

It is important to use a torque wrench during this step.

Under-torqueing the sensor may not adequately couple

the device; over-torqueing may result in stud failure and

possibly permanent damage.

4.2 ADHESIVE MOUNT

Adhesive mounting is often used for temporary

installation or when the machine surface cannot be

adequately prepared for stud mounting. Adhesives like

hot glue or wax work well for temporary mounts; two-part

epoxies and quick-bonding gels provide a more

permanent mount.

Note: Adhesively-mounted sensors often exhibit a

reduction in high-frequency range. Generally, smooth

surfaces and stiff adhesives provide the best frequency

response. Contact the factory for recommended epoxies.

METHOD 1 –Adhesive mounting base

This method involves attaching a base to the machine

surface, then securing the sensor to the base. This allows

for easy removal of the accelerometer.

STEP 1: Prepare a smooth, flat mounting surface. A

minimum surface finish of 63 µin (0.0016 mm) generally

works best.

STEP 2: Stud-mount the sensor to the appropriate

adhesive mounting base according to the guidelines set

forth in STEPS 2 and 3 of the Stud Mount Procedure.

STEP 3: Place a small portion of adhesive on the underside

of the mounting base. Firmly press down on the assembly

to displace any extra adhesive remaining under the base.

See Figure 7.

METHOD 2 –Direct Adhesive Mount

For restrictions of space or for convenience, most sensors

(with the exception of integral stud models) can be

adhesive-mounted directly to the machine surface.

STEP 1: Prepare a smooth, flat mounting surface. A

minimum surface finish of 63 µin (0.0016 mm) generally

works best.

STEP 2: Place a small portion of adhesive on the

underside of the sensor. Firmly press down on the

top of the assembly to displace any adhesive. Be

aware that excessive amounts of adhesive can make

sensor removal difficult. See Figure 8.

4.3 MAGNETIC MOUNT

Magnetic mounting provides a convenient means for

making portable measurements and is commonly used

for machinery monitoring and other portable or trending

applications.

Note: The correct magnet choice and an adequately

prepared mounting surface are critical for obtaining

reliable measurements, especially at high frequencies.

Poor installations can cause as much as a 50% drop in the

sensor frequency range.

Not every magnet is suitable for all applications. For

example, rare earth magnets are commonly used

because of their high strength. Flat magnets work well

on smooth, flat surfaces, while dual-rail magnets are

required for curved surfaces. In the case of non-magnetic

or rough surfaces, it is recommended that the user first

weld, epoxy, or otherwise adhere a steel mounting pad

to the test surface. This provides a smooth and

repeatable location for mounting.

STEP 1: After choosing the correct magnet type,

inspect the unit, verifying that the mounting surfaces

are flat and smooth. See Figure 9.

STEP 2: Stud-mount the accelerometer to the

appropriate magnet according to the guidelines set

forth in STEPS 2 and 3 of the Stud Mount Procedure.

STEP 3: Prepare a smooth, flat mounting surface. A

minimum surface finish of 63 µin (0.0016 mm)

generally works best. After cleaning the surface and

checking for burrs, wipe on a light film of silicone

grease, machine oil, or similar-type coupling fluid.

STEP 4: Mount the magnet/sensor assembly to the

prepared test surface by gently “rocking” or “sliding”

it into place. See Figure 10.

Note: Magnetically mounting accelerometers

carelessly has the potential to generate very high

(and very damaging) g levels. To prevent damage,

install the assembly gently. If unsure, please contact

the factory for assistance.

4.4 HANDHELD OR PROVE TIP MOUNT

This method is NOT recommended for most

applications. It is generally used where access to

machinery may be a safety concern. Both the

accuracy and repeatability at low (<5 Hz) and high

frequency (>1 kHz) ranges are questionable.

5.0 CABLING

The selection of connectors and cables has a direct

impact on the ruggedness and reliability of the sensor

installation. A consideration when dealing with cables is

the way in which the cable conductors are terminated.

ICP® accelerometers are internally amplified, two-wire

accelerometers. Connections to the sensor require two

leads: one for the power and signal, and the other for the

common and signal return. Often, coaxial cables are used

since only two conductors are needed. Coaxial cables are

less expensive. With coaxial cables, however, erroneous

signals can be introduced into sensor systems through

ground loops, electromagnetic interference, or radio

frequency interference (EMI or RFI). To avoid ground

loops, there should only be one ground in the system.

It is recommended for permanent installations that the

sensor be case-isolated and internally shielded with a dual-

case design and use a two-conductor shielded cable to

insure clean vibration signal transmission. Two-conductor

shielded cables allow the signal and the signal return

(common) to be fully shielded from the sensor to the

readout equipment. To insure that ground loop signals are

not induced, the shield should only be terminated at one

end. Typically, the shield of a two-conductor shielded

cable is left open or not connected at the sensor end and

is tied to earth ground at the instrumentation end.

Operation over long cables may affect the frequency

response of ICP® accelerometers, and introduce low

frequency noise and high frequency distortion when an

insufficient current is available to drive cable capacitance.

Unlike charge mode systems, where the system

noise is a function of cable length, ICP® sensors

provide a high voltage, low impedance output well-

suited for driving long cables through harsh

environments. While there is virtually no increase in

noise with ICP® sensors, the capacitive loading of the

longer cable may be distort or filter higher frequency

signals depending on the supply current and the

output impedance of the sensor.

Generally, this signal distortion is not a problem with

lower frequency testing within a range up to 1,000

Hz. However, when monitoring higher frequency

vibrations traveling over cables longer than 500ft,

the possibility of signal distortion exists.

The maximum frequency that can be transmitted

over a given cable length is a function of both the

cable capacitance and the ratio of the peak signal

voltage to the current available from the signal

conditioner according to:

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