LaMotte STORMWATCH MS4 Manual de usuario

STORMWATCH

Code 7449

MS4 WATER SCREENING KIT

WATER SCREENING TEST PROTOCOLS FOR STORMWATER MS4 GUIDANCE

USING COLORIMETRIC AND TURBIDIMETRIC TECHNIQUES

OVERVIEW

According the U.S. Census bureau the world’s population went from 2.5

billion in 1950 to 6 billion in 2000 and is on pace to exceed 9 billion by 2050.

We will soon have 3 times the global population we had only in 1950, and

with this growth comes enormous impacts on the surface of our globe. As

buildings and pavement expand so do our obligations to control stormwater

efﬂuents. Urban development creates new pollution, which can either be

washed or directly dumped into storm sewer systems, and ultimately into our

waterways and coastal areas. Storm runoff leaving developed urban areas is

signiﬁcantly greater in inorganic content than runoff from the same area prior to

development.

Stormwater is typically deﬁned

as water that is created as a

result of a precipitation event.

This water may ﬂow through

any path (gully, stream, conduit,

channel, etc.) or adjacent area

that is subject to overﬂow or

ﬂood water generated from

that event. This water passes

through a wide variety of natural

or artiﬁcial environments, often

sweeping organic and inorganic

constituents into the watercourse

through municipal storm drain

systems. These environments

can include pipeline projects, construction sites, landscaped areas, agricultural

runoff, irrigation ditches, industrial sites, and a variety of other sources. In most

cases this material is eventually fed into a stream, river, or other waterway,

contributing to the overall pollutant load in that body of water.

While onsite sampling and offsite testing can be completed over the course

of a number of days, the source of this outfall continues to contaminate the

watercourse with both inorganic and organic constituents during subsequent

precipitation events. A means is required by which to screen the outfall to

potentially determine its source, the contribution it is making to the pollutant

load, and the proper course of action to take.

Instrumentation and reagent systems are currently available to make

measurements necessary to provide a preliminary screening of the outﬂow, and

determine whether it is contributing to the overall pollutant load as it relates to

inorganic constituents. In many cases these measurements can be made near

the source, using handheld instrumentation and test kits, which may provide

some indication as to the source and content of the outﬂow, or provide some

indication of what additional testing is required.

EXAMPLES OF OUTFLOWS

Outﬂows attributable to a rainwater event can occur across a number of

different environments.

These include:

•Agricultural runoff

•Industrial sites

•Construction sites

•Irrigation runoff

•Parking lots and pavement

•Other

While illicit discharges of various chemical constituents into stormwater drains

represent a portion of the overall problem, these are not normally deﬁned as

stormwater events. These outﬂows can contain a wide variety of both inorganic

and organic contaminants, and must be considered when characterizing the

source of outﬂow. Inorganic constituents can often provide an indicator of such

outﬂows when used in a manner that takes all indicators into account.

Where there are questions and concerns, either generated through the use

of inorganic indicators, or when there are suspicions regarding organic

contaminants, samples should be sent for further analysis.

While individual test measurements can be effectively used for screening

outﬂows, long term trends are important after establishing baseline values for

inorganic indicators (and organic indicators as needed).

MAKING MEASUREMENTS

Colorimetric

Colorimetric methods are based on measuring the intensity of color of a

colored target chemical or reaction product. The optical absorbance is

measured using light of a suitable wavelength. The concentration is determined

by means of a calibration curve obtained using known concentrations of the

determinant.

Turbidimetric

Turbidimetric methods (also known as nephelometry) use an instrument

for measuring the concentration of suspended particulates in a liquid. A

nephelometer (turbidimeter) measures suspended particulates by employing

a light beam (source beam) and a light detector set to one side (90 degrees)

and/or directly opposite (180 degrees) the source beam. Particle density is

then a function of the light reﬂected and/or directed into the detectors from the

particles.

Titrimetric

In volumetric titration, chemicals are analyzed by titration with a standardized

titrant. The titration endpoint is identiﬁed by the development of color resulting

from the reaction with an indicator, by the change of electrical potential or by

the change of pH value.

Ion Selective Electrode

An ISE is a transducer (or sensor) that converts the activity of a speciﬁc ion

dissolved in a solution into an electrical potential, which can be measured by a

voltmeter or pH meter. The sensing part of the electrode is usually made as an

ion-speciﬁc membrane, along with a reference electrode.

INDICATORS

The US EPA recommends testing for the following indicator parameters, based

on the MS4 (Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System) permitting process:

Ammonia

Ammonia is a good indicator of sewage, since its concentration is much higher

there than in groundwater or tap water. High ammonia concentrations may also

indicate liquid wastes from some industrial sites. Ammonia is relatively simple

and safe to analyze. Some challenges include the tendency for ammonia to

volatilize and its potential generation from non-human sources, such as pets or

wildlife.

Color

Color is a numeric computation of the color observed in a water quality sample,

as measured in cobalt-platinum units (APHA, 1998). Both industrial liquid

wastes and sewage tend to have elevated color values.

Unfortunately, some “clean” ﬂow types can also have high color values. Field

testing has found high color values associated for all contaminated ﬂows, but

also many uncontaminated ﬂows, which yielded numerous false positives.

Overall, color may be a good ﬁrst screen for problem outfalls, but needs to be

supplemented by other indicator parameters.

Conductivity

Conductivity, or speciﬁc conductance, is a measure of how easily electricity can

ﬂow through a water sample. Conductivity is often strongly correlated with the

total amount of dissolved material in water, known as Total Dissolved Solids.

as an indicator depends on whether concentrations are elevated in “natural” or

clean waters. In particular conductivity is a poor indicator of illicit discharge in

estuarine waters or in northern regions where deicing salts are used (both have

high conductivity readings).

Conductivity has some value in detecting industrial discharges that can exhibit

extremely high conductivity readings.

Hardness

Hardness is a measurement of the positive ions dissolved in water and

primarily includes magnesium and calcium in natural waters, but is sometimes

inﬂuenced by other metals. Field testing suggests that hardness has limited

value as an indicator parameter, except when values are extremely high or

low (which may signal the presence of some liquid wastes). Hardness may be

applicable in communities where hardness levels are elevated in groundwater

due to karst or limestone terrain. In these regions, hardness can help

distinguish natural groundwater ﬂows present in outfalls from tap water and

other ﬂow types.

Most discharge ﬂow types are neutral, having a pH value around 7, although

groundwater concentrations can be somewhat variable. pH is a reasonably

good indicator for liquid wastes from industries, which can have very high or

low pH (ranging from 3 to 12). The pH of residential wash water tends to be

rather basic (pH of 8 or 9).

The pH of a discharge is very simple to monitor in the ﬁeld with low cost test

strips or probes. Although pH data is often not conclusive by itself, it can

identify problem outfalls that merit follow-up investigations using more effective

indicators. Normal rainwater has a pH of approximately 5.6

Potassium

Potassium is found at relatively high concentrations in sewage, and extremely

high concentrations in many industrial process waters. Consequently,

potassium can act as a good ﬁrst screen for industrial wastes, and can also be

used in combination with ammonia to distinguish wash waters from sanitary

wastes.

Turbidity

Turbidity is a quantitative measure of cloudiness in water, and is normally

measured with a simple ﬁeld meter. While turbidity itself cannot always

distinguish between contaminated ﬂow types, it is a potentially useful screening

indicator to determine if the discharge is contaminated (i.e., not composed of

tap water or groundwater).

Test Factor Methodology Action Level

Ammonia

Nitrogen

Ammonia forms a colored complex with Nessler’s

Reagent in proportion to the amount of ammonia

present in the sample. Rochelle salt is added to

prevent precipitation of calcium or magnesium in

undistilled samples.

≥50 mg/L

Color Color is determined by a meter that has been

calibrated with colored standards of known

platinum cobalt concentration. True color, the

color of water in which the turbidity has been

removed, is measured.

≥500 color units

Conductivity Conductivity is determined by measuring the

amount of current conducted by ions in the

sample.

≥2000 μS/cm

Hardness Calcium and magnesium are titrated with EDTA

at a pH controlled by the addition of a buffer. An

indicator shows the equivalence point.

≤10 mg/L as

CaCO3or ≥2,

000 mg/L as

CaCO3

pH The pH meter measures the difference in

potential between the electrode and the reference

electrode and converts the reading to pH units.

≤5 or ≥9

Potassium Potassium reacts with sodium tetraphenylborate

to form a colloidal white precipitate in quantities

proportional to the potassium concentration.

≥20 mg/L

Turbidity The intensity of a light beam passing through

a turbid sample is compared with the intensity

of a light beam passing through a turbidity-free

sample at 180 degrees from the light source.

≥1,000 NTU

FIELD TEST PROCEDURES

AMMONIA NITROGEN - HIGH RANGE • SMART3 COLORIMETER

Nesslerization Method • Code 3642-SC

QUANTITY CONTENTS CODE

30 mL Ammonia Nitrogen Reagent #1 V-4797-G

2 x 30 mL *Ammonia Nitrogen Reagent #2 *V-4798-G

1 Pipet, 1 mL, plastic 0354

*WARNING: Reagents marked with an * are considered to be potential health hazards.

To view or print a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for these reagents go to www.lamotte.com.

Search for the four digit reagent code number listed on the reagent label, in the contents

list or in the test procedures. Omit any letter that follows or precedes the four digit code

number. For example, if the code is 4450WT-H, search 4450. To obtain a printed copy,

contact LaMotte by e-mail, phone or fax.

Emergency information for all LaMotte reagents is available from Chem-Tel

(US, 1-800-255-3924) (International, call collect, 813-248-0585).

RANGE: 0.00–4.00 ppm Ammonia Nitrogen

MDL: 0.05 ppm

METHOD: Ammonia forms a colored complex with Nessler’s

Reagent in proportion to the amount of ammonia

present in the sample. Rochelle salt is added to prevent

precipitation of calcium or magnesium in undistilled

samples.

SAMPLE HANDLING &

PRESERVATION:

Ammonia solutions tend to be unstable and should be

analyzed immediately. Sample may be stored for 24

hours at 4°C or 28 days at –20°C.

INTERFERENCES: Sample turbidity and color may interfere. Turbidity may

be removed by a ﬁltration procedure. Color interference

may be eliminated by blanking the instrument with a

sample blank.

PROCEDURE

1. Press and hold until colorimeter turns on.

2. Press

ENTER to select TESTING MENU.

3. Scroll to and select ALL TESTS (or another sequence containing 008

Ammonia-N HR) from TESTING MENU.

4. Scroll to and select 008 Ammonia-N HR from menu.

5. Rinse a clean tube (0290) with sample water. Fill to the 10 mL line with

sample.

6. Insert tube into chamber, close lid and select SCAN BLANK. (See Note)

7. Remove tube from colorimeter. Add 8 drops of Ammonia Nitrogen Reagent

#1 (V-4797). Cap and mix. Wait 1 minute.

8. Use the 1.0 mL pipet (0354) to add 1.0 mL of *Ammonia Nitrogen

Reagent #2 (V-4798). Cap and mix. Allow 5 minutes for maximum color

development.

9. At end of the 5 minute waiting period, immediately mix, insert tube into

chamber, close lid and select SCAN SAMPLE. Record result as ppm

ammonia nitrogen.

10. Press to turn the colorimeter off or press the EXIT exit to a previous

menu or make another menu selection.

NOTE: ppm = mg/L

NOTE: It is strongly suggested that a reagent blank be determined to account

for any contribution to the test result by the reagent system. To determine the

reagent blank, follow the above test procedure to scan a distilled or deionized

water blank. Then follow the above procedure to perform the test on a distilled

or deionized water sample. This test result is the reagent blank. Subtract

the reagent blank from all subsequent test results of unknown samples. It

is necessary to determine the reagent blank only when a new lot number of

reagents is obtained.

NOTE: If a test result using the SMART3 Colorimeter gives an over range

message then the the sample must be diluted. The test should be repeated on

the diluted sample to obtain a reading which is in the concentration range for

the test. See page 26.

COLOR • SMART3 COLORIMETER

Platinum Cobalt Method • No Reagents Required

RANGE: 0–1000 color units

MDL: 20 Cu

METHOD: Color is determined by a meter that has been calibrated

with colored standards of known platinum cobalt

concentration. True color, the color of water in which the

turbidity has been removed, is measured.

SAMPLE HANDLING &

PRESERVATION:

Collect all samples in clean glassware. Determine color

as soon as possible to avoid biological or chemical

changes that could occur in the sample during storage.

INTERFERENCES: Turbidity will interfere. Filter before testing.

PROCEDURE

1. Press and hold until colorimeter turns on.

2. Press

ENTER to select TESTING MENU.

3. Select ALL TESTS (or another sequence containing 033 Color) from

TESTING MENU.

4. Scroll to and select 033 Color from menu.

5. Rinse a tube (0290) with color-free water (distilled or deionized water). Fill

to 10 mL line with color-free water.

6. Insert the tube into chamber, close lid and select SCAN BLANK.

7. Remove tube from colorimeter. Empty tube.

8. Rinse tube with sample water. Fill to 10 mL line with water sample.

9. Insert tube with sample water, close lid and select SCAN SAMPLE. Record

result in color units.

10. Press to turn the colorimeter off or press EXIT to exit to a previous

menu or make another menu selection.

NOTE: If a test result using the SMART3 Colorimeter gives an over range

message then the the sample must be diluted. The test should be repeated on

the diluted sample to obtain a reading which is in the concentration range for

the test. See page 26.

POTASSIUM • SMART3 COLORIMETER

Tetraphenylboron Method Code 3639-SC

QUANTITY CONTENTS CODE

30 mL *Sodium Hydroxide, 1.0N *4004WT-G

5 g *Tetraphenylboron Powder *6364-C

1 Spoon, 0.05 g, plastic 0696

*WARNING: Reagents marked with an * are considered to be potential health hazards.

To view or print a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for these reagents go to www.lamotte.com.

Search for the four digit reagent code number listed on the reagent label, in the contents

list or in the test procedures. Omit any letter that follows or precedes the four digit code

number. For example, if the code is 4450WT-H, search 4450. To obtain a printed copy,

contact LaMotte by e-mail, phone or fax.

Emergency information for all LaMotte reagents is available from Chem-Tel

(US, 1-800-255-3924) (International, call collect, 813-248-0585).

RANGE: 0.0–10.0 ppm Potassium

MDL: 0.8 ppm

METHOD: Potassium reacts with sodium tetraphenylborate to form a

colloidal white precipitate in quantities proportional to the

potassium concentration.

SAMPLE HANDLING

& PRESERVATION:

Store samples in polyethylene bottles, not in soft glass

where leaching of potassium from the glass may occur.

Samples may be acidiﬁed to pH 2 with nitric acid, but

should be neutralized before analyzing.

INTERFERENCE: Calcium and magnesium interfere at very high

concentrations. Check for stray light interference (see p. 69).

PROCEDURE

1. Press and hold until colorimeter turns on.

2. Press

ENTER to select TESTING MENU.

3. Select ALL TESTS (or another sequence containing 085 Potassium) from

TESTING MENU.

4. Scroll to and select 085 Potassium from menu.

5. Rinse a clean tube (0290) with sample water. Fill to the 10 mL line with

sample.

6. Insert tube into chamber, close lid and select SCAN BLANK.

7. Remove tube from colorimeter. Add 4 drops of *Sodium Hydroxide, 1.0N

(4004WT). Cap and mix.

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