Hameg HM 5005 Manual de usuario

HMrAritEta

Instruments

MANUAL

Spectrum

Analyzer

HM

5005

/

5006

Table

of

contents

sath

teenical

details

Spectrum

Analyzer

HM

5005

/

5006

Operating

Instructions

General

Information

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M

1

Use

of

tilt

handle

0.0...

ccceeceeeesnreeeeeeennes

M

1

S31

2]

0

re

M

1

Operating

CONCITIONS

......

cee

eceeeeeeeestteeeeeennes

M

2

WAITAMY

0.2...

cceccececsecccceeceeseeeceesenentnesereneeeenens

M

2

Maintenance

0.0...

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M

2

Switching

over

the

mains

/

line

voltage

.............

M2

INtOCUCTION

0...

cece

cccecsncteeeceeeeeeeeeeseeecnteeetereeeeeeres

M

3

Operating

INStruCtiONns

........ccceeeeeeceeeeeeeteeeeees

M

3

Elements

of

Operation

............:c:cceeeeeeeeeeereeeeeeees

M

3

Vertical

Calibration

...........ccccccccccceeeesenesceeseeeteees

M5

Horizontal

Calibration

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M6

introduction

to

spectrum

analySIS

0.00...

eee

M

6

Types

of

Spectrum

AnalyZers

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M

7

Spectrum

Analyzer

Requirements

Frequency

Measurements

............:.::::ceeeerrreereees

M

7

RESOIUTION

......c

ec

ceceeeeeceeeceeesenrececeessneeeeeeetneeeeenenes

M

8

SONSITIVILY

oo...

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M

8

Video

Filtering

.........

cc

ceeeecceceeesseeeeesseeeeeseesenees

M8

Spectrum

Analyzer

Sensitivity

.........0::cccceeeeeeeeene

M

8

Frequency

Re@Sponse

.............eecccceeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeees

M9

Tracking

Generators...

ceceeceeeseesenteeeeeeeeeees

M9

EMI

applications

using

the

Spectrum

Analyzer

..

M10

Front

Panel

Elements

Folder

with

Front

View

...........cccccssssssesesessenees

M11

Block

Diagram

......2...::cccccccessessseseceeneceeseseneeneesssceees

B

1

Subject

to

change

without

notice

2.95

-

5005/5006

Specifications

Frequency

range:

0.5MHz

to

500MHz

(-3dB)

Center

frequency

display

accuracy:

+100kHz

Marker

accuracy:

+(0.1%

span

+

100kHz)

Frequency

display

resolution:

100kHz

(4

digit

LED)

Frequency

scanwidth:

50kHz/div.

to

5OMHz/div.

—

in

1-2-5

steps

and

OHz/div.

(Zero

Scan)

Frequency

scanwidth

accuracy:

+10%

Frequency

stability:

Drift:

<150kHz

/

hour

IF

Bandwidth

(—3dB):

Resolution:

250kHz

and

12.5kHz

Video-Filter

on:

4kHz

Sweep

rate:

43Hz

Amplitude

range:

—-100dBm

to

+10dBm

Screen

display

range:

80dB

(10dB

/

div.)

Reference

level:

-27dBm

to

+13dBm

(in

10dB

steps)

Reference

level

accuracy:

+2dB

Average

noise

level:

-99dBm

(12.5kHz

RBW)

Second

and

third

harmonic:

<—75dBc

Spectru

m

Ana

lyzer

H

M5005

/

H

M5006

Third

order

intermod.:

—70dBc

(two

signals

>3MHz

apart)

Frequency

Range

0.5MHz

-

500MHz.

Log

scale

fidelity:

+2dB

(without

attn.)

250MHz

4

Digit

Display

(Center

&

Marker

Frequency,

0.1MHz

resolution)

mete

00S

eleenent

Tange

~100

to

+13dBm

Amplitude

Range,

12.5kHz,

250kHz

and

Video-Filter

Bal)

aes

Mee

Ane

etal

Tracking-Generator

(HM5006

only):

Input

impedance:

50Q

Frequency

range:

0.1MHz

-

500MHz.

Input

connector:

BNC

Output

Voltage:

+1dBm

to

—50dBm

(50Q).

Input

attenuator:

0

to

40

dB

(4

x

10dB

steps)

Input

attenuator

accuracy:

+1dB

The

HM5005/HM5006

Spectrum

Analyzer

is

the

ideal

instrument

for

Maximum

input

level:

+10dBm,

+25V,,.

analyzing

any

kind

of

signal

within

the

frequency

range

of

0.5

to

500MHz.

Both

(with

OdB

attenuation)

—

models

include

a

Scanwidth

Selector

that

can

adjust

the

frequency

display

baectcieht

width

from

50kHz

to

50

MHz

per

division.

Narrow-band

signals

are

easily

(with

40dB

attenuation)

analyzed

by

this

high

resolution

feature.

The

analyzer

can

measure

low

amplitude

signals

and

has

a

measurement

range

of

over

110dB.

Including

switchable

attenuators,

a

range

of

-100dBm

to

+13dBm

can

be

measured

with

80dB

being

displayed

on

the

screen

at

10dB/

Output

level

range:

-50dBm

to

+1dBm

division.

In

"Zero

Scan

Mode’

selective

amplitude

level

measurements

can

be

|

Sheen

enon

performed,

while

tuned

to

fixed

frequency.

Output

attenuator:

0

to

40dB

(4

x

10dB

steps)

é

eitie

4

.

Gein

attenuator

accuracy:

+1dB

Both

models

include

a

4

digit

numeric

LED

readout

that

can

selectively

Output

impedance:

50Q

(BNC)

display

either

the

Center

or

Marker

Frequency.

Frequency

measurement

is

Frequency

range:

0.1MHz

to

500MHz

accomplished

by

adjusting

a

needle-like

cursor

to

the

point

of

interest

on

the

Frequency

response:

+1.5dB

display

and

reading

the

4

digit

Marker

Frequency

value.

Hahn

Fresendy

Interference

(Fn:

<20dh6

The

model

HM5006

also

includes

a

Tracking

Generator

that

permits

a

four

terminal

measurement

that

is

useful

in

network

and

filter

passband

analysis.

The

Tracking

Generator

is

a

frequency

synchronous

signal

source

with

a

range

Operating

temperature:

10°

to

50°C

of

100kHz

to

500MHz

that

is

controlled

by

the

frequency

of

the

spectrum

Display:

CRT.

6

inch,

8

x

10

div.

internal

graticule

analyzer.

The

output

level

is

adjustable

from

—50dBm

to

+1dBm

in

four

10dB

Trace

rotation:

Adjustable

on

front

panel

switchable

steps

in

addition

to

an

11dB

rotary

variable

attenuator

control.

mopped

Ralls

meee

50/60Hz

The

HM5005/5006

Spectrum

Analyzer

is

extremely

low-priced,

but

still

Protective

sytem:

Safety

Class

|

(IEC

1010-1)

|

quipped

to

meet

the

RF

measurement

needs

of

education

and

industry.

With

Weight:

approx.

7kg

this

user

friendly

instrument

HAMEG

out-performs

and

out-prices

its

Dimensions:

competitors

125mm

(4.9°)H

x

285mm

(11.2°)W

x

380mm

(15")D

Lockable

tilt

handle

(19"

rackmount

optional}

Subject

to

change

without

notice

Symbols

J\

ATTENTION

-

refer

to

manual

A

Danger

-

High

voltage

pe

Protective

ground

(earth)

terminal

General

Information

This

spectrum

analyzer

is

easy

to

operate.

The

logical

arrangement

of

the

controls

allows

anyone

to

quickly

become

familiar

with

the

operation

of

the

instrument,

however,

experienced

users

are

also

advised

to

read

through

these

instructions

so

that

all

functions

are

understood.

Immediately

after

unpacking,

the

instrument

should

be

checked

for

mechanical

damage

and

loose

parts

in

the

interior.

If

there

is

transport

damage,

the

supplier

must

be

informed

immediately.

The

instrument

must

then

not

be

put

into

operation.

Use

of

tilt

handle

To

view

the

screen

from

the

best

angle,

there

are

three

different

positions

(C,

D,

E)

for

setting

up

the

instrument.

If

the

instrument

is

set

down

on

the

floor

after

being

carried,

the

handle

automaticaily

remains

in

the

upright

carrying

position

(A).

In

order

to

place

the

instrument

onto

a

horizontal

surface,

the

handle

should

be

turned

to

the

upper

side

of

the

oscilloscope

(C).

For

the

D

position

(10°

inclination),

the

handle

should

be

turned

to

the

opposite

direction

of

the

carrying

position

until

it

locks

in

place

automatically

underneath

the

instrument.

For

the

E

position

(20°

inclination),

the

handle

should

be

pulled

to

release

it

from

the

D

position

and

swing

backwards

until

it

locks

once

more.

The

handle

may

also

be

set

to

a

position

for

horizontal

carrying

by

turning

it

to

the

upper

side

to

lock

in

the

B

position.

At

the

same

time,

the

instrument

must

be

lifted,

because

otherwise

the

handle

will

jump

back.

A

o°

aa

ch

Safety

This

instrument

has

been

designed

and

tested

in

accor-

dance

with

JEC

Publication

1010-1,

Safety

require-

ments

for

electrical

equipment

for

measurement,

control,

and

laboratory

use.

The

CENELEC

regulations

EN

61010-1

correspond

to

this

standard.

It

has

left

the

factory

inasafe

condition.

This

instruction

manual

contains

important

information

and

warnings

which

have

to

be

followed

by

the

user

to

ensure

safe

operation

and

to

retain

the

oscilloscope

in

a

safe

condition.

The

case,

chassis

and

all

measuring

terminals

are

connected

to

the

protective

earth

contact

of

the

appliance

inlet.

The

instrument

operates

according

to

Safety

Class

I

(three-conductor

power

cord

with

protective

earthing

conductor

and

a

plug

with

earthing

contact).

The

mains/line

plug

shall

only

be

inserted

ina

socket

outlet

provided

with

a

protective

earth

contact.

The

protective

action

must

not

be

negated

by

the

use

of

an

extension

cord

without

a

protective

conductor.

The

mains/line

plug

should

be

inserted

before

connections

are

made

to

measuring

circuits.

The

grounded

accessible

metal

parts

(case,

sockets,

jacks)

and

the

mains/line

supply

contacts

(line/live,

neu-

tral)

of

the

instrument

have

been

tested

against

insulation

breakdown

with

2200V

DC.

Under

certain

conditions,

50Hz

or

GOHz

hum

voltages

can

occur

in

the

measuring

circuit

due

to

the

interconnection

with

other

mains/line

powered

equipment

or

instruments.

This

can

be

avoided

by

using

an

Isolation

transformer

(Safety

Class

II)

between

the

mains/line

outlet

and

the

power

plug

of

the

device

being

investigated.

Most

cathode-ray

tubes

develop

X-rays.

However,

the

dose

equivalent

rate

falls

far

below

the

maximum

permissible

value

of

36pA/kg

(0.5mR/h).

Whenever

it

is

likely

that

protection

has

been

impaired,

the

instrument

shall

be

made

inoperative

and

be

secured

against

any

unintended

operation.

The

protection

is

likely

to

be

impaired

if,

for

example,

the

instrument

—

shows

visible

damage,

—

fails

to

perform

the

intended

measurements,

~

has

been

subjected

to

prolonged

storage

under

unfavourable

conditions

(e.g.

in

the

open

or

in

moist

environments),

—

has

been

subject

to

severe

transport

stress

(e.g.

in

poor

packaging).

Subject

to

change

without

notice

M1

5005/5006

Operating

conditions

The

instrument

has

been

designed

for

indoor

use.

The

permissible

ambient

temperature

range

during

operation

is

+10°C

(+50°F)

...

+40°C

(+104°F).

It

may

occasionally

be

subjected

to

temperatures

between

+10°C

(+50°F)

and

-10°C

(+14°F)

without

degrading

its

safety.

The

permissible

ambient

temperature

range

for

storage

or

transportation

is

-40°C

(-40°F)

...

+70°C

(+158°F).

The

maximum

operating

altitude

is

up

to

2200m

(non-

operating

15000m).

The

maximum

relative

humidity

is

up

to

80%.

If

condensed

water

exists

in

the

instrument

it

should

be

acclimatized

before

switching

on.

In

some

cases

(e.g.

extremely

cold

spectrum

analyzer)

two

hours

should

be

allowed

before

the

instrument

is

put

into

operation.

The

instrument

should

be

kept

in

a

clean

and

dry

room

and

must

not

be

operated

in

explosive,

corrosive,

dusty,

or

moist

environments.

The

spectrum

analyzer

can

be

operated

in

any

position,

but

the

convection

cooling

must

not

be

impaired.

For

continuous

operation

the

instrument

should

be

used

in

the

horizontal

position,

preferably

tilted

upwards,

resting

on

the

tilt

handle.

The

specifications

stating

tolerances

are

only

valid

if

the

instrument

has

warmed

up

for

30

minutes

at

an

ambient

temperature

between

+15°C

(+59°F)

and

+30°C

(+86°F).

Values

without

tolerances

are

typical

for

an

average

instrument.

Warranty

HAMEG

warrants

to

its

Customers

that

the

products

it

manufactures

and

sells

will

be

free

from

defects

in

materials

and

workmaship

for

a

period

of

2

years.

This

warranty

shall

not

apply

to

any

defect,

failure

or

damage

caused

by

improper

use

or

inadequate

maintenance

and

care.

HAMEG

shall

not

obliged

to

provide

service

under

this

warranty

to

repair

damage

resulting

from

attempts

by

personnel

other

than

HAMEG

represantatives

to

install,

repair,

service

or

modify

these

products.

In

order

to

obtain

service

under

this

warranty,

Customers

must

contact

and

notify

the

distributor

who

has

sold

the

product.

Each

instrument

is

subjected

to

a

quality

test

with

10

hour

burn-in

before

leaving

the

production.

Practically

all

early

failures

are

detected

by

this

method.

In

the

case

of

shipments

by

post,

rail

or

carrier

it

is

recommended

that

the

original

packing

is

carefully

preserved.

Transport

damages

and

damage

due

to

gross

negligence

are

not

covered

by

the

guarantee.

In

the

case

of

a

complaint,

a

label

should

be

attached

to

the

housing

of

the

instrument

which

describes

briefly

the

faults

observed.

If

atthe

same time

the

name

and

telephone

number

(dialing

code

and

telephone

or

direct

number

or

department

designation)

is

stated

for

possible

queries,

this

helps

towards

speeding

up

the

processing

of

guarantee

claims.

Maintenance

Various

important

properties

of

the

spectrum

analyzer

should

be

carefully

checked

at

certain

intervals.

Only

in

this

way

is

it

largely

certain

that

all

signals

are

displayed

with

the

accuracy

on

which

the

technical

data

are

based..

The

exterior

of

the

instrument

should

be

cleaned

regularly

with

a

dusting

brush.

Dirt

which

is

difficult

to

remove

on

the

casing

and

handle,

the

plastic

and

aluminium

parts,

can

be

removed

with

a

moistened

cloth

(99%

water

+1%

mild

detergent).

Spirit

or

washing

benzine

(petroleum

ether)

can

be

used

to

remove

greasy

dirt.

The

screen

may

be

cleaned

with

water

or

washing

benzine

(but

not

with

spirit

(alcohol)

or

solvents),

it

must

then

be

wiped

with

a

dry

clean

lint-free

cloth.

Under

no

circumstances

may

the

cleaning

fluid

get

into

the

instrument.

The

use

of

other

cleaning

agents

can

attack

the

plastic

and

paint

surfaces.

Switching

over

the

mains

/

line

voltage

The

spectrum

analyzer

operates

on

mains/line

voltages

of

115V

AC

and

230V

AC.

The

voltage

selection

switch

is

located

on

the

rear

of

the

instrument

and

displays

the

selected

voltage.

The

correct

voltage

can

be

selected

using

a

small

screwdriver.

Remove

the

power

cable

from

the

power

connector

prior

to

making

any

changes

to

the

voltage

setting.

The

fuses

must

also

be

replaced

with

the

appropriate

value

(see

table

below)

prior

to

connecting

the

power

cable.

Both

fuses

are

externally

accessible

by

removing

the

fuse

cover

located

above

the

3-pole

power

connector.

The

fuseholder

can

be

released

by

pressing

its

plastic

retainers

with

the

aid

of

asmall

screwdriver.

The

retainers

are

located

on

the

right

and

left

side

of

the

holder

and

must

be

pressed

towards

the

center.

The

fuse(s)

can

then

be

replaced

and

pressed

in

until

locked

on

both

sides.

Use

of

patched

fuses

or

short-circuiting

of

the

fuseholder

isnotpermissible;

HAMEG

assumes

no

liability

whatsoever

for

any

damage

caused

as

a

result,

and

all

warranty

claims

become

null

and

void.

Fuse

type:

Size

5

x

20

mm;

250-Volt

AC;

must

meet

IEC

specification

127,

Sheet

III

(or

DIN

41

662

or

DIN

41

571,

sheet

3).

Time

characteristic:

time-lag

T315mA

Line

voltage

230V~

+10%:

Fuserating:

T160mA

Line

voltage

115V~

+10%:

Fuse

rating:

Subject

to

change

without

notice

M2

5005/5006

Introduction

Both

instruments

HM5005

and

HM5006

are

spectrum

analyzers.

The

HM5006

also

contains

a

tracking

generator.

The

basic

functionality

of

these

two

instruments

is

detailed

below.

The

spectrum

analyzer

permits

the

detection

of

spectrum

components

of

electrical

signals

in

the

frequency

range

of

0.5

to

500MHz.

The

detected

signal

and

its

content(s)

have

to

be

repetitive.

In

contrast

to

an

oscilloscope

operated

in

Yt

mode,

where

the

amplitudes

are

displayed

onthe

time

axis,

the

spectrum

analyzer

displays

amplitudes

on

the

frequency

axis

(Yf).

The

individual

spectrum

components

of

“a

signal”

become

visible

on

a

spectrum

analyzer.

The

oscilloscope

would

display

that

signal

as

one

resulting

waveform.

The

spectrum

analyzer

works

according

to

the

triple

superhet

receiver

principle.

The

signal

to

be

measured

(f,,

=

0.5MHz

to

500MhHz)

is

applied

to

the

1st

mixer

where

it

is

mixed

with

the

signal

of

a

variable

voltage

controlled

oscillator

(f,,

610MHz-

1110MHz).

This

oscillator

is

called

the

1st

LO

(local

oscillator).

The

difference

between

the

oscillator

and

the

input

frequency

(f,,

—

f,,

=

1st

IF)

is

the

first

intermediate

frequency,

which

passes

through

a

waveband

filter

tuned

to

a

center

frequency

of

609.5MHz.

It

then

enters

an

amplifier,

and

this

is

followed

by

two

additional

mixing

stages,

oscillators

and

amplifiers.

The

second

IF

is

29.5MHz

and

the

third

is

2.9MHz.

In

the

third

IF

stage,

the

signal

can

be

selectively

transferred

through

a

filter

with

250kHz

or

12.5kHz

bandwidth

before

arriving

at

an

AM

demodulator.

The

logarithmic

output

(video

signal)

is

transferred

directly,

or

via

a

low

pass

filter

to

another

amplifier.

This

amplifier

output

is

connected

to

the

Y

deflection

plates

of

the

CRT.

The

X

deflection

is

performed

with

a

ramp

generator

voltage.

This

voltage

can

also

be

superimposed

on

a

dc

voltage

which

allows

for

the

control

of

1*LO.

The

spectrum

analyzer

scans

a

frequency

range

depending

on

the

ramp

height.

This

span

is

determined

by

the

scanwidth

setting.

In

ZERO

SCAN

made

only

the

direct

voltage

controls

the

1*

LO.

The

HM5006

also

includes

a

tracking

generator.

This

generator

generates

sine

wave

voltages

within

the

frequency

range

of

0.1

to

500Mlz.

The

tracking

generator

frequency

is

determined

by

the

first

oscillator

(1st

LO)

of

the

spectrum

analyzer

section.

Spectrum

analyzer

and

tracking

generator

are

frequency

synchronized.

Operating

Instructions

It

is

very

important

to

read

the

paragraph

“Safety”

including

the

instructions

prior

to

operating

the

HM5005/

HM5006.

No

special

knowledge

is

necessary

for

the

operation

of

the

HM5005/HM5006.

The

straightforward

front

panel

layout

and

the

limitation

to

basic

functions

guarantee

efficient

operation

directly

from

switch

on.

Never

theless,

to

ensure

the

optimum

operation

of

the

instrument,

some

basic

instructions

need

to

be

followed.

The

most

sensitive

component

of

the

HM5005/HM5006

is

the

input

section

of

the

spectrum

analyzer.

It

consists

of

the

signal

attenuator

and

the

fist

mixer.

Without

input

attenuation,

the

voltage

at

the

input

must

not

exceed

+10dBm

(0.7Vrms)

AC

or

+25

volt

DC.

With

a

maximum

input

attenuation

of

40dB

the

AC

voltage

must

not

exceed

+20dBm.

These

limiting

values

must

not

be

exceeded

or

the

input

attenuator

and/or

the

first

mixer

will

be

destroyed.

Prior

to

examining

unidentified

signals,

the

presence

of

unacceptable

high

voltages

has

to

be

checked.

It

is

also

recommended

to

start

measuring

with

the

highest

possible

attenuation

and

a

maximum

frequency

range

(500MHz).

The

user

should

also

consider

the

possibility

of

excessively

high

signal

amplitudes

outside

the

covered

frequency

range,

although

not

displayed

(e.g.

GOOMHz).

The

frequency

range

of

OHz

to

500kHz

is

not

covered

by

the

HM5005/HM5006

spectrum

analyzer.

Spectrai

lines

within

this

range

would

be

displayed

with

incorrect

amplitude.

A

particularly

high

intensity

adjustment

is

not

necessary

as

“hidden”

signals

may

be

masked,

the

phosphor

on

the

CRT

being

loaded

more

where

the

noise

is

always

displayed.

On

the

contrary,

such

signals

will

be

harder

to

detect

due

to

the

increasing

beam

width,

even

with

optimized

focus

setting.

The

way

signals

are

displayed

on

the

spectrum

analyzer

typically

allows

for

any

signal

to

be

recognized

easily,

even

with

low

intensity.

Due

to

the

frequency

conversion

principle,

a

spectral

line

is

visible

at

OHz.

This

line

appears

when

the

1%

LO

frequency

passes

the

IF

amplifiers

and

filters.

The

level

of

this

spectral

line

is

different

in

each

instrument.

A

deviation

from

the

full

screen

does

not

indicate

a

malfunctioning

instrument.

Elements

of

Operation

The

fold-out

picture

of

the

instrument's

front

plate

after

these

instructions,

contains

numbers

referred

to

below:

The

front

plate

is

subdivided

into

three

fields.

Following

are

detailed

descriptions

of

the

control

functions

located

on

the

top

right

the

screen.

(1)

POWER:

The

power

button

with

ON

and

OFF

symbols.If

power

is

switched

to

ON

position,

noise

will

be

visible

on

the

screen

after

approximately

10

seconds.

Subject

to

change

without

notice

M3

5005/5006

(2)

INTENS:

This

knob

is

used

to

adjust

the

intensity

of

the

signal.

(3)

FOCUS:

This

control

is

for

optimum

sharpness

adjustment.

(4)

TR

(Trace

Rotation):

In

spite

of

Mumetal-shielding

of

the

CRT,

effects

of

the

earth's

magnetic

field

on

the

horizontal

trace

position

cannotbe

completely

avoided.

Apotentiometer

accessible

through

an

opening

can

be

used

for

correction.

Unimportant

pincushion

distortions

are

unavoidable

and

cannot

be

corrected.

(5)

CF

(CENTER

FREQUENCY):

This

LED

is

lit

when

the

digital

display

shows

the

center

frequency.

The

center

frequency

is

the

frequency

which

is

displayed

in

the

center

(25)

of

the

CRT

X-axis.

(6)

MK:

This

LED

is

lit

when

the

Marker

pushbutton

is

in

the

ON

position.

The

digital

display

then

shows

the

marker

frequency.

The

frequency

of

spectral

lines

not

displayed

on

a

vertical

graticule

line

can

be

determined

by

this

function.

(7)

MARKER

-

ON/OFF:

If

the

MARKER

pushbutton

is

set

to

the

OFF

position,

the

CF

indicator

is

lit

and

the

display

shows

the

center

frequency.

When

the

switch

is

in

the

ON

position,

MK

is

lit

and

the

display

shows

the

marker

frequency.

The

marker

is

shown

on

the

screen

as

a

vertical

needle.

The

marker

frequency

is

adjustable

with

the

MARKER

knob

and

can

be

aligned

with

a

spectral

line.

Before

any

LEVEL

reading

can

be

obtained,

the

marker

must

be

switched

OFF.

(8)

CENTER

FREQ.

-

FINE:

Both

rotary

knobs

are

used

for

center

frequency

determination.

The

FINE

adjustment

function

is

self

explanatory.

The

center

frequency

is

displayed

at

the

horizontal

center

(25)

of

the

screen.

(9)

UNCAL.:

The

blinking

of

this

LED

signifies

incorrectly

displayed

amplitude

values.

This

may

occur

when

the

scanned

frequency

range

(SCANWIDTH)

is

too

large

when

compared

to

the

IF

bandwidth

(12.5kHz),

and/or

the

video

filter

bandwidth

(4kHz).

Measurements

can

then

either

be

taken

without

a

filter

(bandwidth,

video),

or

the

scanwidth

has

to

be

decreased

(scanwidth).

The

UNCAL.

indicator

will

also

blink

when

the

IF

GAIN

knob

is

not

in

the

CAL.

position.

(10)

BANDWIDTH:

Selects

between

250kHz

and

12.5kHz

IF

bandwidth.

If

a

bandwidth

of

12.5kHzis

selected,

the

noise

level

decreases

and

the

selectivity

is

improved.

Spectral

lines

which

are

relatively

close

together

can

be

distinguished.

As

the

smail

signal

transient

response

requires

a

longer

time

this

causes

incorrect

amplitude

values

if

the

scanwidth

is

set

at

too

wide

a

frequency

span.

The

UNCAL.

indicator

will

signify

this

condition.

(11}

VIDEO

FILTER:

The

video

filter

may

be

used

for

noise

reduction.

It

enables

smail

level

spectral

lines

to

become

visible

which

normally

would

be

within

or

just

above

the

medium

noise

level.

The

filter

bandwidth

is

4kHz.

Again

it

has

to

be

noted

that

incorrect

amplitude

values

will

be

displayed

if

the

scanwidth

setting

is

too

high

and

the

video

filter

active

(ON).

Such

conditions

are

indicated

by

the

UNCAL.

LED.

Front

plate

bottom

right

section.

(12)

INPUT:

The

BNC

50Q

input

of

the

spectrum

analyzer.

Without

input

attenuation

the

maximum

permissible

input

voltages

of

+25V

DC

and

+10dBm

AC

must

not

be

exceeded.

With

the

maximum

input

attenuation

of

40dB

the

maximum

input

voltage

is

+20dBm.

The

maximum

dynamic

range

of

the

instrument

is

70cB.

Higher

input

voltages

exceeding

the

reference

leve!

cause

signal

compression

and

intermodulation.

Those

effects

will

lead

to

erroneous

displays.

If

the

input

level

exceeds

the

reference

level,

the

input

level

attenuation

must

be

increased.

(13)

ATTN.:

The

Input

Attenuator

consists

of

four

equal

10dB

attenuators,

reducing

the

signa!

height

before

entering

the

1°*

mixer.

Each

attenuator

is

active

if

the

push

button

is

depressed.

The

correlation

of

selected

attenuation,

reference

level

and

baseline

level

(noise

level)

is

demonstrated

on

the

following

chart:

The

reference

level

is

represented

by

the

highest

horizon-

tal

graticule

line

(26).

The

lowest

horizontal

graticule

line

indicates

the

baseline

(24).

The

vertical

graticule

is

subdivided

in

10dB

steps.

As

previously

pointed

out,

the

maximum

permissible

input

voltages

may

not

be

exceeded.

This

is

extremely

important

because

itis

possible

that

the

spectrum

analyzer

Subject

to

change

without

notice

M4

5005/5006

will

only

show

a

partial

spectrum

of

currently

applied

signals.

Consequently,

input

signals

might

be

applied

with

excessive

levels

outside

the

displayed

frequency

range

leading

to

the

destruction

of

the

input

attenuator

and/or

the

1st

mixing

stage.

Also

refer

to

INPUT.

The

highest

attenuation

(4

x

10dB)

and

the

highest

usable

frequency

range

(scanwidth

setting

5S0MHz/DIV.)

should

be

selected

prior

to

connecting

any

signal

to

the

HM5005/

HM5006

input.

This

permits

the

detection

of

any

spectral

lines

which

are

within

the

maximum

measurable

and

displayable

frequency

range,

if

the

center

frequency

is

set

to

250MHz.

If

the

baseline

tends

to

move

upwards

when

the

attenuation

is

decreased,

it

may

indicate

spectral

lines

outside

the

maximum

displayable

frequency

range

(i.e.

600MHz)

with

excessive

amplitude.

(14)

IF-GAIN:

This

knob

allows

for

the

continuous

adjustment

if

the

intermediate

frequency

amplification

(IF-GAIN).

The

amplification

is

calibrated

at

full

left

position.

it

increases

to

approx.

10dB

when

rotated

to

the

right,

however,

without

being

calibrated.

(15)

SCANWIDTH:

The

SCANWIDTH

field

contains

indicators

which

highlight

the

appropriate

frequency

range

per

graticule

division.

The

range

can

be

increased

in

steps

with

the

right

hand

button,

and

decreased

with

the

left.

Switching

is

accomplished

in

1-2-5

steps

from

50kHz/div.

to

5S0MHz/div.

The

width

of

the

scan

range

is

displayed

in

MHz/div.

and

refers

to

each

horizontal

division

on

the

graticule.

The

center

frequency

is

indicated

by

the

vertical

graticule

line

at

the

horizontal.

If

the

center

frequency

and

the

scanwidth

setting

are

correct,

the

X

axis

has

alength

of

10

divisions.

With

scanwidth

settings

below

50MHz,

only

a

part

of

the

total

frequency

range

ts

displayed

in

expanded

mode.

When

the

SCANWIDTH

is

set

to

50MHz/div,

if

the

center

frequency

is

set

to

250MHz,

the

frequency

extends

to

the

right

by

50MHz

per

division,

ending

at

50OMHz

(250MHz+(5x50MHz)).

The

frequency

decreases

to

the

left

in

the

same

way.

In

this

case

the

left

graticule

edge

corresponds

to

OHz.

With

these

settings,

a

spectral

line

is

visible

which

is

referred

to

as

“Zero

Frequency

Point”.

It

is

the

1**

LO

(oscillator)

which

becomes

visible

when

its

frequency

passes

the

first

IF

filter.

This

occurs

when

the

center

frequency

is

low

relative

to

the

scanwidth

range

selected.

The

“Zero

Frequency

Point”

is

different

in

each

instrument

and

therefore

cannot

be

used

as

areference

level.

Spectral

lines

displayed

left

of

the

“Zero

Frequency

Point”

are

so

called

image

frequencies.

In

the

ZERO

SCAN

mode

the

spectrum

analyzer

operates

as

areceiver

with

selectable

bandwidth.

The

frequency

is

selected

via

the

CENTER

FREQ.

knob.

Spectral

line(s)

passing

the

IF

filter

cause

a

level

display

(selective

voltmeter

function).

(16)

TRACK.GEN.

(HM5006

only):

The

Tracking

Generator

is

activated

if

the

push

button

is

depressed

(ON).

In

this

case,

a

sine

signal

can

be

obtained

from

the

OUTPUT

BNC

socket

with

a

frequency

determined

by

the

spectrum

analyzer.

In

ZERO SCAN

mode

the

center

frequency

appears

at

the

output.

(17)

OUTPUT

(HM5006

only):

50Q

BNC

socket

of

the

tracking

generator.

The

output

level

can

be

determined

from

+1dBm

to

—50dBm.

(18)

LEVEL

(HM5006

only):

The

output

level

of

the

Tracking

Generator

can

be

continuously

adjusted

with

this

knob

by

11dBm

(-10dBm

to

+1dBm).

(19)

ATTN.

(HM5006

only):

Output

level

attenuator

with

four

10dB

attenuators

which

allows

the

signal

to

be

reduced

prior

to

reaching

the

OUTPUT

socket.

All

four

attenuators

are

equal

and

can

be

activated

by

depressing

the

respective

push

button.

Therefore

it

is

immaterial

which

attenuators

are

used

to

reach

e.g.

a

20dB

attenuation.

Section

underneath

the

screen.

The

following

controls

are

located

below

the

screen:

(20)

Y-POS.

(Y-position),

(21)

Y-AMPL.

(Y-amplitude),

(22)

X-AMPL.

(X-amplitude)

and

(23)

X-POS.

(X-position).

IMPORTANT:

These

controls

are

designated

for

the

accuracy

of

amplitude

and

frequency

and

do

not

require

adjustment

under

normal

circumstances.

A

very

accurate

RF

Generator

(e.g.

HAMEG

HM8133)

is

essential

for

any

adjustments

of

these

controls.

Vertical

Calibration

Prior

to

calibration,

ensure

that

all

input

attenuators

(13)

are

deactivated

and

that

the

IF-GAIN

knob

(14)

is

set

to

CAL.

position.

The

HM5005/5006

must

be

in

operation

for

at

least

60

minutes

prior

the

calibration.

Switch

VIDEO

FILTER

(11)

to

OFF

position,

set

BANDWIDTH

(10)

to

250kHz,

and

SCANWIDTH

(15)

to

2MHz/div.

Connect

RF

signal

of

-27dBm

(10mV)

to

the

spectrum

analyzer

input

(12).

The

frequency

of

this

signal

should

be

between

2MHz

and

250MHz.

Set

the

center

frequency

to

the

signal

frequency.

Subject

to

change

without

notice

M5

5005/5006

A:

A

single

spectral

line

(-27dBm)

appears

on

the

screen

if

a

sufficiently

low-distortion

signal

source

is

present.

The

spectral

line

maximum

is

now

adjusted

with

the

Y-POS.

control

(20)

and

placed

at

the

top

graticule

line

(26)

of

the

screen.

All

input

attenuators

have

to

be

deactivated.

B:

Next,

the

generator

signal

must

be

switched

back

and

forth

between

—27dBm

and

-77dBm,

and

the

Y-AMPL.

control

(21)

adjusted

so

that

the

spectral

line

peak

changes

by

5

divisions

in

the

vertical

direction.

If

this

results

in

a

change

of

the

Y-position,

the

calibration

outlined

under

A

has

to

be

repeated.

The

calibrations

A

and

B

have

to

be

repeated

until

an

ideal

adjustment

is

achieved.

Finally,

the

operation

of

the

input

attenuators

(13)

can

be

tested

at

alevel

of

-27dBm.

The

spectral

line

visible

on

the

screen

can

be

reduced

in

4

steps

of

10dB

each

by

activating

the

attenuators

incorporated

in

the

spectrum

analyzer.

Each

10

dB

step

corresponds

to

one

graticule

division

on

the

screen.

The

tolerance

may

not

exceed

+1dB

in

all

attenuation

positions.

Horizontal

Calibration

Prior

to

calibration

ensure

that

all

input

attenuators

(13)

are

deactivated

and

the

IF-GAIN

knob

(14)

is

in

CAL.

position.

The

HM5005/5006

must

be

in

operation

for

at

least

60

minutes

prior

to

calibration.

The

VIDEO

FILTER

push

button

(11)

must

be

in

OFF

position,

the

BAND-

WIDTH

(10)

set

to

250kHz,

and

SCANWIDTH

(15)

set

to

50MH2/div.

After

the

center

frequency

is

set

to

250MHz,

agenerator

signal

must

be

applied

to

the

input.

The

output

level

should

be

between

40

and

50

dB

above

the

noise.

C:

Set

generator

frequency

to

250MHz.

Adjust

the

peak

of

the

250MHz

spectral

line

to

the

horizontal

screen

center

(25)

using

the

X-POS.

control

(23).

D:

Set

the

generator

frequency

to

50MHz.

If

the

50MHz

spectral

line

is

not

on

the

graticule

line

(27)

it

should

be

aligned

using

the

X-AMPL.

control

(22).

Then

the

calibration

as

described

under

C

should

be

verified

and

corrected

if

necessary.

The

calibrations

C

and

D

should

be

repeated

until

optimum

adjustment

is

achieved.

Introduction

to

spectrum

analysis

The

analysis

of

electrical

signals

is

a

fundamental

problem

for

many

engineers

and

scientists.

Even

if

the

immediate

problem

is

not

electrical,

the

basic

parameters

of

interest

are

often

changed

into

electrical

signals

by

means

of

transducers.

Common

transducers

include

accelerometers

and

load

cells

in

mechanical

work,

EEG

electrodes

and

blood

pressure

probes

in

biology

and

medicine,

and

pH

and

conductivity

probes

in

chemistry.

The

rewards

for

transforming

physical

parameters

to

electrical

signals

are

great,

as

many

instruments

are

available

for

the

analysis

of

electrical

signals

in

the

time

and

frequency

domains.

The

traditional

way

of

observing

electrical

signals

is

to

view

them

in

the

time

domain

using

an

oscilloscope.

The

time

domain

is

used

to

recover

relative

timing

and

phase

information

which

is

needed

to

characterize

electric

circuit

behavior.

However,

not

all

circuits

can

be

uniquely

characterized

from

just

time

domain

information.

Circuit

elements

suchas

amplifiers,

oscillators,

mixers,

modulators,

detectors

and

filters

are

best

characterized

by

their

frequency

response

information.

This

frequency

information

is

best

obtained

by

viewing

electrical

signals

in

the

frequency

domain.

To

display

the

frequency

domain

requires

a

device

that

can

discriminate

between

frequencies

while

measuring

the

power

level

at

each.

One

instrument

which

displays

the

frequency

domain

is

the

spectrum

analyzer.

It

graphically

displays

voltage

or

power

as

a

function

of

frequency

on

a

CRT

(cathode

ray

tube).

in

the

time

domain,

all

frequency

components

of

a

signal

are

seen

summed

together.

In

the

frequency

domain,

complex

signals

(i.e.

signals

composed

of

more

than

one

frequency)

are

separated

into

their

frequency

components,

and

the

power

level

at

each

frequency

is

displayed.

The

frequency

domain

is

a

graphical

representation

of

signal

amplitude

as

a

function

of

frequency.

The

frequency

domain

contains

information

not

found

in

the

time

domain

and

therefore,

the

spectrum

analyzer

has

certain

advantages

compared

with

an

oscilloscope.

The

analyzer

is

more

sensitive

to

low

level

distortion

than

a

scope.

Sine

waves

may

look

good

in

the

time

domain,

but

in

the

frequency

domain,

harmonic

distortion

can

be

seen.

The

sensitivity

and

wide

dynamic

range

of

the

spectrum

analyzer

is

useful

for

measuring

low-level

modulation.

It

can

be

used

to

measure

AM,

FM

and

pulsed

RF.

The

analyzer

can

be

used

to

measure

carrier

frequency,

modulation

frequency,

modulation

level,

and

modulation

distortion.

Frequency

conversion

devices

can

be

easily

characterized.

Such

parameters

as

conversion

loss,

isolation,

and

distortion

are

readily

determined

from

the

display.

The

spectrum

analyzer

can

be

used

to

measure

long

and

short

term

stability.

Parameters

such

as

noise

sidebands

on

an

oscillator,

residual

FM

of

a

source

and

frequency

drift

during

warm-up

can

be

measured

using

the

spectrum

analyzers

calibrated

scans.

The

swept

frequency

responses

of

a

filter

or

amplifier

are

examples

of

swept

frequency

measurements

possible

with

a

spectrum

analyzer.

These

measurements

are

simplified

by

using

a

tracking

generator.

Subject

to

change

without

notice

Mé6

5005/5006

Types

of

Spectrum

Analyzers

There

are

two

basic

types

of

spectrum

analyzers,

swept-

tuned

and

real-time

analyzers.

The

swept-tuned

analyzers

are

tuned

by

electrically

sweeping

them

over

their

frequency

range.

Therefore,

the

frequency

components

of

a

spectrum

are

sampled

sequentially

in

time.

This

enables

periodic

and

random

signals

to

be

displayed,

but

makes

it

impossible

to

display

transient

responses.

Real-

time

analyzers,

on

the

other

hand,

simultaneously

display

the

amplitude

of

all

signals

in

the

frequency

range

of

the

analyzer;

hence

the

name

real-time.

This

preserves

the

time

dependency

between

signals

which

permits

phase

information

to

be

displayed.

Real-time

analyzers

are

capable

of

displaying

transient

responses

as

well

as

periodic

and

random

signals.

The

swept-tuned

analyzers

are

usually

of

the

trf

(tuned

radio

frequency)

or

superheterodyne

type.

A

trf

analyzer

consists

of

a

bandpass

filter

whose

center

frequency

is

tunable

over

a

desired

frequency

range,

a

detector

to

produce

vertical

deflection

ona

CRT,

anda

horizontal

scan

generator

used

to

synchronize

the

tuned

frequency

to

the

CRT

horizontal

deflection.

It

is

a

simple,

inexpensive

analyzer

with

wide

frequency

coverage,

but

lacks

resolution

and

sensitivity.

Because

trf

analyzers

have

a

swept

filter

they

are

limited

in

sweep

width

depending

on

the

frequency

range

(usually

one

decade

or

less).

The

resolution

is

determined

by

the

filter

bandwidth,

and

since

tunable

filters

dont

usually

have

constant

bandwith,

is

dependent

on

frequency.

The

most

common

type

of

spectrum

analyzer

differs

from

the

trf

spectrum

analyzers

in

that

the

spectrum

is

swept

through

a

fixed

bandpass

filter

instead

of

sweeping

the

filter

through

the

spectrum.

The

analyzer

is

basically

a

narrowband

receiver

which

is

electronically

tuned

in

frequency

by

applying

a

saw-tooth

voltage

to

the

frequency

control

element

of

a

voltage

tuned

local

oscillator.

This

same

saw-tooth

voltage

is

simultaneously

applied

to

the

horizontal

deflection

plates

of

the

CRT.

The

output

from

the

receiver

is

synchronously

applied

to

the

vertical

deflection

plates

of

the

CRT

and

a

plot

of

amplitude

versus

frequency

is

displayed.

The

analyzer

is

tuned

through

its

frequency

range

by

varying

the

voltage

on

the

LO

(local

oscillator}.

The

LO

frequency

is

mixed

with

the

input

signal

to

produce

an

IF

(intermediate

frequency)

which

can

be

detected

and

displayed.

When

the

frequency

difference

between

the

input

signal

and

the

LO

frequency

is

equal

to

the

IF

frequency,

then

there

is

a

response

on

the

analyzer.

The

advantages

of

the

superheterodyne

technique

are

considerable.

It

obtains

high

sensitivity

through

the

use

of

IF

amplifiers,

and

many

decades

in

frequency

can

be

tuned.

Also,

the

resolution

can

be

varied

by

changing

the

bandwidth

of

the

IF

filters.

However,

the

superheterodyne

analyzer

is

not

real-time

and

sweep

rates

must

be

consistent

with

the

IF

filter

time

constant.

A

peak

at

the

left

edge

of

the

CRT

is

sometimes

called

the

“zero

frequency

indicator”

or

“local

oscillator

feedthrough”.

It

occurs

when

the

analyzer

is

tuned

to

zero

frequency,

and

the

local

oscillator

passes

directly

through

IF

creating

a

peak

on

the

CRT

even

when

no

input

signal

is

present.

(For

zero

frequency

tuning,

F,

,=F,,).

This

effectively

limits

the

lower

tuning

limit.

Spectrum

Analyzer

Requirements

To

accurately

display

the

frequency

and

amplitude

of

a

signal

on

a

spectrum

analyzer,

the

analyzer

itself

must

be

properly

calibrated.

A

spectrum

analyzer

properly

designed

for

accurate

frequency

and

amplitude

measurements

has

to

satisfy

many

requirements:

.

Wide

tuning

range

.

Wide

frequency

display

range

.

Stability

.

Resolution

.

Flat

frequency

response

.

High

sensitivity

.

Low

internal

distortion

.

Linear

and

Logarithmic

display

modes

(voltage

and

dB)

OnN

Oa

frwWhd

=

Frequency

Measurements

The

frequency

scale

can

be

scanned

in

three

different

modes

full,

per

division,

and

zero

scan.

The

full

scan

mode

is

used

to

locate

signals

because

the

widest

frequency

ranges

are

displayed

in

this

mode.

(Not

all

spectrum

analyzers

offer

this

mode).

The

per

division

mode

is

used

to

zoom-in

on

a

particular

signal.

In

per

division,

the

center

frequency

of

the

display

is

set

by

the

Tuning

control

and

the

scale

factor

is

set

by

the

Frequency

Span

or

Scan

Width

control.

In

the

zero

scan

mode,

the

analyzer

acts

as

a

fixed-tuned

receiver

with

selectable

bandwidths.

Absolute

frequency

measurements

are

usually

made

from

the

spectrum

analyzer

tuning

dial.

Relative

frequency

measurements

require

a

linear

frequency

scan.

By

measuring

the

relative

separation

of

two

signals

on

the

display,

the

frequency

difference

can

be

determined.

It

is

important

that

the

spectrum

analyzer

be

more

stable

than

the

signals

being

measured.

The

stability

of

the

analyzer

depends

on

the

frequency

stability

of

its

local

oscillators.

Stability

is

usually

characterized

as

either

short

term

or

long

term.

Residual

FM

is

a

measure

of

the

short

term

stability

which

is

usually

specified

in

Hz

peak-to-

peak.

Short

term

stability

is

also

characterized

by

noise

sidebands

which

are

a

measure

of

the

analyzers

spectral

Subject

to

change

without

notice

M7

5005/5006

Hameg HM 5005 Manual de usuario

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