Geokon 4430 Manual de usuario

Instruction Manual

Model 4430

VW Deformation Meter

No part of this instruction manual may be reproduced, by any means, without the written consent of

Geokon, Inc.

The information contained herein is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, Geokon, Inc. assumes

no responsibility for errors, omissions or misinterpretation. The information herein is subject to change

without notification.

(Doc Rev I, 11/10/16)

Warranty Statement

Geokon, Inc. warrants its products to be free of defects in materials and workmanship, under

normal use and service for a period of 13 months from date of purchase. If the unit should

malfunction, it must be returned to the factory for evaluation, freight prepaid. Upon examination

by Geokon, if the unit is found to be defective, it will be repaired or replaced at no charge.

However, the WARRANTY is VOID if the unit shows evidence of having been tampered with or

shows evidence of being damaged as a result of excessive corrosion or current, heat, moisture or

vibration, improper specification, misapplication, misuse or other operating conditions outside of

Geokon's control. Components which wear or which are damaged by misuse are not warranted.

This includes fuses and batteries.

Geokon manufactures scientific instruments whose misuse is potentially dangerous. The

instruments are intended to be installed and used only by qualified personnel. There are no

warranties except as stated herein. There are no other warranties, expressed or implied, including

but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and of fitness for a particular purpose.

Geokon, Inc. is not responsible for any damages or losses caused to other equipment, whether

direct, indirect, incidental, special or consequential which the purchaser may experience as a

result of the installation or use of the product. The buyer's sole remedy for any breach of this

agreement by Geokon, Inc. or any breach of any warranty by Geokon, Inc. shall not exceed the

purchase price paid by the purchaser to Geokon, Inc. for the unit or units, or equipment directly

affected by such breach. Under no circumstances will Geokon reimburse the claimant for loss

incurred in removing and/or reinstalling equipment.

Every precaution for accuracy has been taken in the preparation of manuals and/or software,

however, Geokon, Inc. neither assumes responsibility for any omissions or errors that may appear

nor assumes liability for any damages or losses that result from the use of the products in

accordance with the information contained in the manual or software.

CONTENTS

Page

1. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................1

1.1. THEORY OF OPERATION...............................................................................................................................1

2. INSTALLATION.............................................................................................................................................2

2.1. PRELIMINARY TESTS...................................................................................................................................2

2.2. DEFORMATION METER INSTALLATION ........................................................................................................2

2.2.1. Installation in Boreholes.................................................................................................................2

2.2.2. Installation in Mass Concrete........................................................................................................3

2.2.3. Installation in Fills and Embankments – Soil Strain Gages......................................................3

2.3. CABLE PROTECTION AND TERMINATION .....................................................................................................4

2.4. INITIAL READINGS ......................................................................................................................................4

2.5. ELECTRICAL NOISE......................................................................................................................................4

3. TAKING READINGS.....................................................................................................................................6

3.1. OPERATION OF THE GK-403 READOUT BOX...............................................................................................6

3.2 OPERATION OF THE GK404 READOUT BOX.................................................................................................6

3.3 OPERATION OF THE GK405 READOUT BOX.................................................................................................7

3.4. MEASURING TEMPERATURES......................................................................................................................8

4. DATA REDUCTION......................................................................................................................................9

4.1. DEFORMATION CALCULATION....................................................................................................................9

4.2. TEMPERATURE CORRECTION ....................................................................................................................10

4.3. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS......................................................................................................................11

5. TROUBLESHOOTING................................................................................................................................13

APPENDIX A - SPECIFICATIONS...............................................................................................................14

A.1. MODEL 4430 DEFORMATION METER........................................................................................................14

APPENDIX B - THERMISTOR TEMPERATURE DERIVATION............................................................15

LIST of FIGURES, TABLES and EQUATIONS

Page

FIGURE 1-MODEL 4430 DEFORMATION METER ................................................................................................. 1

FIGURE 2-BOREHOLE INSTALLATION................................................................................................................... 2

FIGURE 3-INSTALLATION ALONG CREST OF DAM............................................................................................... 3

FIGURE 4-BOREHOLE INSTALLATION IN EMBANKMENT....................................................................................... 4

FIGURE 5-LIGHTNING PROTECTION SCHEME ..................................................................................................... 5

FIGURE 6GK405 READOUT UNIT......................................................................................................................... 7

EQUATION 1-DIGITS CALCULATION..................................................................................................................... 9

EQUATION 2-DEFORMATION CALCULATION ........................................................................................................ 9

TABLE 1-ENGINEERING UNITS CONVERSION MULTIPLIERS ............................................................................... 9

EQUATION 3-THERMALLY CORRECTED DEFORMATION CALCULATION ............................................................ 10

EQUATION 4-THERMAL COEFFICIENT CALCULATION........................................................................................ 10

TABLE 2-THERMAL COEFFICIENT CALCULATION CONSTANTS ......................................................................... 10

EQUATION 5-GAGE LENGTH CORRECTION....................................................................................................... 10

FIGURE 7ATYPICAL CALIBRATION SHEET ......................................................................................................... 12

TABLE A-1 MODEL 4430 SPECIFICATIONS......................................................................................................... 14

EQUATION B-1 CONVERT THERMISTOR RESISTANCE TO TEMPERATURE ........................................................ 15

TABLE B-1 THERMISTOR RESISTANCE VERSUS TEMPERATURE ....................................................................... 15

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Theory of Operation

The Geokon Model 4430 Vibrating Wire Deformation Meter is designed to measure axial

deformations in boreholes in rock, concrete or soil. It can also be embedded in soils in

embankments such as earth dams and highway fills. The units can be installed in series

providing incremental deformation measurements over any length. Base lengths of the

gage can vary from a minimum of 1 meter to over 25 meters.

The basic sensing element is a vibrating wire strain gage in series with a precision music

wire spring which is coupled to a movable shaft. As the shaft moves in or out of the sensor

body, the tension in the spring, and also in the vibrating wire element, change. This change

in tension is directly proportional to the amount of extension and, through calibration, a

calibration factor that relates the frequency of vibration to the amount of extension is

determined. The unit is stress relieved after manufacture providing for excellent stability

over long periods of time.

The gage sensor is attached to a flange at one end and by a connecting rod of some length

to a flange at the other end. The sensor and the rod are covered by a plastic (PVC) tube

which holds the end flanges apart at a predetermined distance (gage length), and insures

that the rod is free to move. As the flanges move apart the movement is conveyed by the

connecting rod to the sensor and measured by the readout system. Different combinations

of gage length and sensor range provide for optimum sensitivity. For maximum strain

resolution, a long base gage with a short range transducer will give best results. For

maximum deformation: short base length, longer transducer range. The flexibility of the

system allows the user to choose the most useful combination of range and sensitivity

according to predicted movements.

Nominal Gage Length

(1m, 39")

End Flange

Swagelok Fitting

Instrument Cable

End Flange

Electromagnetic Coils Thermistor (4 conductor, 22 AWG)

PVC Outer Tube

Transducer Shaft HousingAlignment Pin

Alignment Slot

Extension Rod Transducer Shaf

Figure 1 - Model 4430 Deformation Meter

Readouts available from Geokon, used in conjunction with the Vibrating Wire Deformation

Meter, will provide the necessary voltage pulses to pluck the wire and convert the measured

frequencies so as to display the reading.

2. INSTALLATION

2.1. Preliminary Tests

Upon receipt of the instrument, the gage should be checked for proper operation (including

the thermistor). See Section 3 for readout instructions. In position "B" the gage will read

between 2000 and 8000 digits. Pull slightly on the end flanges (Figure 1), the reading

should increase.

Checks of electrical continuity can also be made using an ohmmeter. Resistance between

the gage leads should be approximately 180, ±10. Remember to add cable resistance

when checking (22 AWG stranded copper leads are approximately 14.7/1000' or 48.5

/km, multiply by 2 for both directions). Between the green and white should be

approximately 3000 ohms at 25° (see Table B-1), and between any conductor and the shield

should exceed 2 megohms.

2.2. Deformation Meter Installation

2.2.1. Installation in Boreholes

The primary use of the Model 4430 is for the measurement of axial strains or deformations

in boreholes. The most common method of installation is by grouting. Horizontal holes

should be inclined slightly downward to make for easy grouting and to avoid air pockets.

Vertical up holes require special grouting apparatus and snap-ring or hydraulic anchors on

the gage itself to hold it in place while grouting the hole. Horizontal and vertical down holes

are instrumented as follows:

Drill the borehole at least 0.5 m (2 ft) beyond the location of the deepest flange. The

borehole must be a minimum of 60 mm (2.25") in diameter. Fill the hole with grout mixture

of 1 part Portland cement to 1-2 parts water by volume. An expansive mix is helpful

particularly in horizontal holes. Lower or push the sensor(s) down the hole to the proper

location as noted by a mark on the cable. If more than one sensor is to be placed in a hole,

be sure to maintain the position of the lower sensor while installing shallower ones.

Grout

Instrument Cable

Deformation Meter Fault

Borehole

Figure 2 - Borehole Installation

For situations such as soft ground or when the hole is cased and casing must be withdrawn,

it may be advisable to use a sensor with a hydraulic anchor for permanent positioning. This

should be discussed with the application engineers at the factory.

2.2.2. Installation in Mass Concrete

The Model 4430 can be placed directly into concrete or prewired into the rebar cage or

network prior to concrete placement. Tiewires should be connected to the tube rather than

the end blocks and should be perpendicular to the tube and not excessively tight to allow for

shifting during placement of the concrete. The unit has a compressive modulus of

approximately 200,000 psi, and should follow the concrete at very early stages of curing.

2.2.3. Installation in Fills and Embankments – Soil Strain Gages

( For more details see the Model 4435 Soil Strainmeter Manual)

The Model 4435, which is a variation of the Model 4430, is used as a soil deformation meter

in fills and embankments by placing the unit in shallow, horizontal trenches in the fill.

Multiple sensors can be installed in series to give a total deformation profile along a

particular axis as in a dam or highway embankment. Cables issue out of the side of the

devise so that the flanges can be linked together easily.

Downstream

Deformation Meters

Reservoir

Figure 3 - Installation Along Crest of Dam

A narrow flat bottom trench should be excavated in previously compacted fill. The sensor is

laid in the trench and backfilled with material which has had any large (>10 mm, 0.5")

aggregate removed. Backfill and hand tamp the first 15 cm (6") and then proceed with the

compaction of the fill in the normal way. Cables should also be run in trenches and

backfilled in the same manner as above. For more details consult the Model 4435 Soil

Strainmeter manual.

ment

ace

Shear Zone

Horizontal Borehole

Deformation Meters

Figure 4 - Borehole Installation in Embankment

2.3. Cable Protection and Termination

As noted above, the cable from the gages can be protected by the use of flexible conduit,

which can be supplied by Geokon.

Terminal boxes with sealed cable entries and covers are also available, allowing many

gages to be terminated at one location with complete protection of the lead wires. The

panel can have built-in jacks or a single connection with a rotary position selector switch.

Lightning protection components can also be installed in the terminal boxes.

Cables may be spliced to lengthen them, without affecting gage readings. Always

waterproof the splice completely, preferably using an epoxy based splice kit such the 3M

Scotchcast, model 82-A1. These kits are available from the factory. When making

splices, use solder connections wherever feasible or crimp connectors if not.

2.4. Initial Readings

All readings are referred to an initial reading so it is important that this initial reading

be carefully taken. Conditions should be noted at the time of all readings, especially during

curing, i.e., temperature, time after placement, local conditions, etc.

2.5. Electrical Noise

Care should be exercised when installing instrument cables to keep them as far away as

possible from sources of electrical interference such as power lines, generators, motors,

transformers, arc welders, etc. Cables should never be buried or run with AC power

lines! The instrument cables will pick up the 50 or 60 Hz (or other frequency) noise from the

power cable and this will likely cause a problem obtaining a stable reading.

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