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U/ef

Ll

n

Model

855

Dual

Spectroscopy

Amplifier

Operating

and

Service

Manual

Model

855

Dual

Spectroscopy

Amplifier

Operating

and

Service

Manual

This

manual

applies

to

instruments

marked

"Rev

03"

on

rear

panel

,

,CA

EG&G

ORTEC

Part

No.

717490

3675

3.0C

0489

Printed

in

u.o.a.

iii

CONTENTS

Page

WARRANTY

v

PHOTOGRAPHS

vi

1.

DESCRIPTION

1

1.1.

General

:

1

1.2.

Pole-Zero

Cancellation

1

1.3.

Active

Filter

3

2.

SPECIFICATIONS

4

2.1.

Performance

4

2.2.

Controls

4

2.3.

Input

4

2.4.

Outputs

4

2.5.

Related

Equipment

4

2.6.

Electrical

and

Mechanical

4

3.

INSTALLATION

5

3.1.

General

5

3.2.

Connection

to

Power

5

3.3.

Connection

to

Preamplifier

3

3.4.

Connection

of

Test

Pulse

Generator

5

3.5.

Shaping

Considerations

5

3.6.

Linear

Output

Connections

and

Terminating

Considerations

6

3.7.

Shorting

or

Overloading

the

Amplifier

Output

6

4.

OPERATION

7

4.1.

Initial

Testing

and

Observation

of

Pulse

Waveforms

7

4.2.

Front

Panel

Controls

7

4.3.

Panel

Connectors

7

4.4.

Standard

Setup

Procedure

8

4.5.

Pole-Zero

Adjustment

8

4.6.

Operation

with

Semiconductor

Detectors

9

4.7.

Operation

in

Spectroscopy

Systems

11

4.3.

Other

Experiments

13

5.

CIRCUIT

DESCRIPTION

15

6.

MAINTENANCE

16

6.1.

Test

Equipment

Required

16

6.2.

PulserTest

16

6.3.

Suggestions

for

Troubleshooting

'

.

. . .

17

6.4.

Factory

Repair

17

6.5.

Tabulated

Test

Point

Voltages

17

Schematic

700010

iv

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

Fig.

1.1.

Differentiation

in

an

Amplifier

Without

Pole-Zero

Cancellation

2

Fig.

1.2.

Differentiation

in

a

Pole-Zero

Cancelled

Amplifier

2

Fig.

1.3.

Pulse

Shapes

for

Good

Signal-to-Noise

Ratios

3

Fig.

4.1.

Typical

Unipolar

and

Bipolar

Output

Waveforms

'

Fig.

4.2.

Settings

for

Time-Constant

Jumpers

'

Fig.

4.3.

Typical

Waveforms

Illustrating

Pole-Zero

Adjustment

Effects

8

Fig.

4.4.

A

Clamp

Circuit

that

can

be

used

to

Prevent

Overloading

the

Oscilloscope

9

Fig.

4.5.

Pole-Zero

Adjustment

Using

a

Square

Wave

Input

to

the

Preamplifier

9

Fig.

4.6.

System

for

Measuring

Amplifier

and

Detector

Noise

Resolution

10

Fig.

4.7.

Noise

as

a

Function

of

Bias

Voltage

0

Fig.

4.8.

System

for

Measuring

Resolution

with

a

Pulse

Height

Analyzer

ii

Fig.

4.9.

System

for

Detector

Current

and

Voltage

Measurements

11

Fig.

4.10.

Silicon

Detector

Back

Current

vs

Bias

Voltage

1^

Fig.

4.11.

System

for

High-Resolution

Alpha-Particle

Spectroscopy

12

Fig.

4.12.

System

for

High-Resolution

Gamma

Spectroscopy

12

Fig.

4.13.

Scintillation-Counter

Gamma

Spectroscopy

System

Fig.

4.14.

High-Resolution

X-Ray

Energy

Analysis

System

Using

a

Proportional

Counter

13

Fig.

4.15.

Gamma-Ray

Charged-Particle

Coincidence

Experiment

13

Fig.

4.16.

Gamma-Ray

Pair

Spectrometry

Fig.

4.17.

Gamma-Gamma

Coincidence

Experiment

''Z

Fig.

5.1.

Amplifier

Block

Diagram

Fig.

6.1.

Circuit

Used

to

Measure

Nonlinearity

standard

Warranty

for

EG&G

ORTEC

Nuclear

Electronic

Instruments

EG&G

ORTEC

warrants

that

the

items

will

be

delivered

free

from

defects

in

material

or

workmanship.

EG&G

ORTEC

makes

no

other

warranties,

express

or

implied,

and

specifically

NO

WARRANTY

OF

MERCHANTABILITY

OR

FITNESS

FOR

A

PARTICULAR

PURPOSE.

EG&G

ORTEC's

exclusive

liability

is

limited

to

repairing

or

replacing

at

EG&G

ORTEC's

option,

items

found

by

EG&G

ORTEC

to

be

defective

in

workmanship

or

materials

within

two

years

from

the

date

of

delivery.

EG&G

ORTEC's

liability

on

any

claim

of

any

kind,

including

negligence,

loss

or

damages

arising

out

of,

connected

with,

or

from

the

performance

or

breach

thereof,

or

from

the

manufacture,

sale,

delivery,

resale,

repair,

or

use

of

any

item

or

services

covered

by

this

agree

ment

or

purchase

order,

shall

in

no

case

exceed

the

price

allocableto

theitem

or

service

furnished

or

any

part

thereof

that

gives

rise

to

the

claim.

In

the

event

EG&G

ORTEC

fails

to

manufacture

or

deliver

items

called

for

in

this

agreement

or

pur

chase

order,

EG&G

ORTEC's

exclusive

liability

and

buyer's

exclusive

remedy

shall

be

release

of

the

buyer

from

the

obliga

tion

to

pay

the

purchase

price.

In

no

event

shall

EG&G

ORTEC

be

liable

for

special

or

consequential

damages.

Quality

Control

Before

being

approved

for

shipment,

each

EG&G

ORTEC

nuclear

electronic

instrument

must

pass

a

stringent

set

of

quality

control

tests

designed

to

expose

any

flaws

in

materials

or

workmanship.

Permanent

records

of

these

tests

are

maintained

for

use

in

warrany

repair

and

as

a

source

of

statistical

information

for

design

improvements.

Repair

Service

If

it

becomes

necessary

to

return

this

instrument

for

repair,

it

is

essential

that

Customer

Services

be

contacted

in

advance

of

its

return

so

that

a

Return

Authorization

Number

can

be

assigned

to

the

unit.

Also,

EG&G

ORTEC

must

be

informed,

either

in

writing,

by

telephone

[(615)

482-4411

]

or

by

telex

(55-7450)

of

the

nature

of

the

fault

of

the

instrument

being

re^

turned

and

of

the

model,

serial,

and

revision

("Rev"

on

rear

panel)

numbers.

Failure

to

do

so

may

cause

unnecessary

delays

in

getting

the

unit

repaired.

The

EG&G

ORTEC

standard

procedure

requires

that

instruments

returned

for

repair

pass

the

same

quality

control

tests

that

are

used

for

new-production

instruments.

Instruments

that

are

returned

should

be

packed

so

that

they

will

withstand

normal

transit

handling

and

must

be

shipped

PREPAID

via

Air

Parcel

Post

or

United

Parcel

Service

to

the

nearest

EG&G

ORTEC

repair

center.

(In

the

case

where

the

instrument

did

not

function

upon

pur

chase,

EG&G

ORTEC

will

pay

shipment

costs

both

ways.)

The

address

label

and

the

package

should

include

the

Return

Authorization

Number

assigned.

Instruments

being

returned

that

are

damaged

in

transit

due

to

inadequate

packing

will

be

repaired

at

the

sender's

expense,

and

it

will

be

the

sender's

responsibility

to

make

claim

with

the

shipper.

Instruments

not

in

warranty

will

be

repaired

at

the

standard

charge

unless

they

have

been

grossly

misused

or

mishandled,

in

which

case

the

user

will

be

notified

prior

to

the

repair

being

done.

A

quotation

will

be

sent

with

the

notification.

Damage

in

Transit

Shipments

should

be

examined

immediately

upon

receipt

for

evidence

of

external

or

concealed

damage.

The

carrier

making

delivery

should

be

notified

immediately

of

any

such

damage,

since

the

carrier

is

normally

llaole

for

damage

in

shipment.

Packing

materials,

waybills,

and

other

such

documentation

should

be

preserved

in

order

to

establish

claims.

After

such

notification

to

the

carrier,

please

notify

EG&G

ORTEC

of

the

circumstances

so

that

assistance

can

be

provided

in

making

damage

claims

and

in

providing

replacement

equipment

if

necessary.

CJ

a

3

EG&G

ORTEC

MODEL

855

DUAL

SPECTROSCOPY

AMPLIFIER

1.

DESCRIPTION

1.1.

GENERAL

The

EG&G

ORTEC

855

Amplifier

is

two

spectroscopy

amplifiers

in

a

singie-width

NIM

module

that

feature

a

versatile

combination

of

jumper-selectable

pulse-

shaping

characteristics.

The

amplifier

has

extremely

low

noise,

a

wide

gain

range,

and

excellent

overload

response

for

universal

application

in

high-resolution

spectroscopy.

it

accepts

input

pulses

of

either

polarity.

Input

may

originate

from

germanium

or

silicon

semi

conductor

detectors,

from

scintillation

counters

with

either

fast

or

slow

scintillators,

from

proportional

count

ers,

from

pulsed

ionization

chambers,

from

electron

multipliers,

etc.

The

unit

has

an

input

impedance

of—1000

Q

and

accepts

either

positive

or

negative

input

pulses

with

rise

times

<650

ns

and

fall

times

>30

/vs.

Three

integration

and

differentiation

time

constants

are

jumper-selectable

on

the

printed

wiring

board

(PWB)

to

provide

optimum

shap

ing

for

resolution

and

count

rate.

The

differentiation

net

work

has

variable

pole-zero

cancellation

that

can

be

adjusted

to

match

preamplifiers

with

decay

times

>30/vs.

The

pole-zero

cancellation

drastically

reduces

the

under

shoot

after

the

differentiator

and

greatly

improves

over

load

and

count

rate

characteristics.

In

addition,

the

amplifier

contains

an

active,

filter-shaping

network

that

optimizes

the

signal-to-noise

ratio

and

minimizes

the

overall

resolving

time.

The

amplifier

has

unipolar

and

bipolar

BNC

outputs.

The

unipolar

output

is

used

for

spectroscopy

m

systems

where

dc

coupling

can

be

maintained

from

the

855

to

the

analyzer.

A

BLR

(baseline

restorer)

circuit

is

included

in

the

unit

for

improved

performance

at

all

count

rates.

Baseline

correction

is

applied

only

during

intervals

be

tween

input

pulses

and

automatically

selects

a

discrimi

nator

level

to

identify

input

pulses.

The

unipolar

output

dc

level

is

within

the

range

of

-5

mV

to

-^5

mV.

This

output

permits

the

use

of

the

direct-coupled

input

of

the

anaiyzer

I

with

a

minimum

amount

of

interface

problems.

The

855

can

be

used

for

constant-fraction

timing

when

operated

in

conjunction

with

an

EG&G

ORTEC

551, 552,

or

553

Timing

Single-Channel

Analyzer.

The

EG&G

ORTEC

Timing

Single-Channel

Analyzers

feature

a

mini

mum

of

walk

as

a

function

of

pulse

amplitude

and

incor

porate

a

variable

delay

time

on

the

output

pulse

to

enable

the

timing

pickoff

output

to

be

placed

in

time

coincidence

with

other

signals.

The

355

has

complete

provisions,

including

power

dis

tribution,

for

operating

any

EG&G

ORTEC

soiid-state

preamplifier.

Normally,

the

preamplifier

pulses

should

have

a

rise

time

of

0.25

/vs

or

less

to

properly

match

the

amplifier

filter

network

and

a

decay

time

>30/vs

for

proper

pole-zero

cancellation.

The

input

impedance

is

1000

Q.

When

long

preamplifier

cables

are

used,

the

cables

can

be

terminated

in

series

at

the

preamplifier

end

or

in

shunt

at

the

amplifier

end

with

the

proper

resistors.

The

output

impedance

is

—0.2

O,

and

the

output

can

be

connected

to

other

equipment

by

a

single

cable

going

to

all

equipment.

The

cable

must

be

shunt-terminated

at

the

far

end.

(See

Section

3

for

further

information.)

1.2.

POLE-ZERO

CANCELLATION

Pole-zero

cancellation

is

a

method

for

eliminating

pulse

undershoot

after

the

differentiating

network.

In

an

am

plifier

not

using

pole-zero

cancellation

(Fig.-I.l)

the

ex

ponential

tail

on

the

preamplifier

output

signal

(usually

50

to

500

fus)

causes

an

undershoot

whose

peak

amplitude

is

roughly

determined

from;

undershoot

amplitude

differentiated

pulse

amplitude

_

differentiation

time

preamplifier

pulse

decay

time.

For

a

^-fJS

differentiation

time

and

a

50-/vs

pulse

decay

time

the

maximum

undershoot

is

2%,

and

this

decays

with

a

50-a(S

time

constant.

Under

overload

conditions

this

undershoot

is

often

sufficiently

large

to

saturate

the

am

plifier

during

a

considerable

portion

of

the

undershoot,

causing

excessive

dead

time.

This

effect

can

be

reduced

by

increasing

the

preamplifier

pulse

decay

time

(which

generally

reduces

the

counting

rate

capabilities

of

the

preamplifier)

or

compensating

for

the

undershoot

by

providing

pole-zero

cancellation.

Pole-zero

cancellation

is

accomplished

by

the

network

shown

in

Fig.

1.2.

The

pole

(s

-i-

(1/To)]

due

to

the

pream

plifier

pulse

decay

time

is

cancelled

by

the

zero

of

the

-

network

[s

-r

(k/R2Ci)].

In

effect,

the

dc

path

across

the

differentiation

capacitor

adds

an

attenuated

replica

of

the

preamplifier

pulse

to

just

cancel

the

negative

undershoot

■

of

the

differentiating

network.

Total

preamplifier-amplifier

pole-zero

cancellation

re

quires

that

the

preamplifier

output

pulse

decay

time

be

a

single

exponential

decay

and

be

matched

to

the

pole-

zero

cancellation

network.

The

variable

pole-zero

cancel

lation

network

allows

accurate

cancellation

for

all

pream

plifiers

having

30-/vs

or

greater

decay

times.

Improper

matching

of

the

pole-zero

network

will

degrade

the

over

load

performance

and

cause

excessive

pileup

distortion

at

medium

counting

rates.

Improper

matching

causes

either

an

undercompensation

(undershoot

is

not

elimi

nated)

or

an

overcompensation

(output

after

the

main

pulse

does

not

return

to

the

baseline

but

decays

to

the

baseline

with

the

preamplifier

time

constant).

The

pole-

zero

adjust

is

accessible

on

the

front

panel

of

the

855

So

(t)

e.

ft)

=

F

Si

(t)

Undershoot

^

Differentiated

Charge

loop

.

pulse

output

X

di^rentiate

network

undershoot

fmax

*

G(t)-e,(t).

1

5

£

X

=

£)

I's^

(Laplace

transform).

-max

^

"

1

200409

—

To

_

r,

s-^^o

=

e,

(tj,

where

T,

=

R,

C,

To

~

Fig.

1.1.

Differentiation

in

an

Amplifier

Without

Pole-Zero

Cancellation.

So

!t)

Bo

(tj

-

f

max

®

0

<Ar<i

I

R,

K

r

ff

i

("f./

No

Undershoot

Pole-zero

Differentiated

Charge

loop

„

cancelled

,

pulse

diff

output

erentiate

without

network

undershoot

Pole

zero

cancel

by

letting

1

K

S

S

+

R

-C,

■

^max

■

K

1

^"^R-C

x

R

1

s

^

=-

s

T

,

-r

R-

'

=

fi

/'si.

(Laplace

transform).

o

RiR-.C,

-max

s

+

R1

+

Ri

s

+

■

1

=

E.isi,

where

.

R,R:C|

RpC,

p

e"h'RaCi

-

Oi

It)

^max

®

^

-

ci

I

w

.

200410

Fig.

1.2.

Differentiation

in

a

Pole-Zero

Cancelled

Amplifier.

and

can

easily

be

adjusted

by

observing

the

baseline

on

an

oscilloscope

with

a

monoenergetic

source

or

pulser

having

the

same

decay

time

as

the

preamplifier

under

overload

conditions.

The

adjustment

should

be

made

so

that

the

pulse

returns

to

the

baseline

in

the

minimum

time

with

no

undershoot.

1,3.

ACTIVE

FILTER

When

only

PET

gate

current

and

drain

thermal

noise

are

considered,

the

best

signal-to-noise

ratio

occurs

when

the

two

noise

contributions

are

equal

for

a

given

input

pulse

shape.

The

gaussian

pulse

shape

(Fig.

1.3)

for

this

condition

requires

an

amplifier

with

a

single

RC

differen

tiation

and

n

equal

RC

integrations

where

n

approaches

infinity.

The

Laplace

transform

of

this

transfer

function

is

Ralativa

Noisa

G(s)

=

1

sm(1/RC)

[S+(1/RC)]"

(n

-

*

where

the

first

factor

is

the

single

differentiation,

and

the

second

factor

is

the

n

integrations.

The

active

filter

ap

proximates

this

transfer

function.

Figure

1.3

illustrates

the

results

of

pulse

shaping

in

an

amplifier.

Of

the

four

pulse

shapes

shown

the

cusp

would

produce

minimum

noise,

but

this

is

impractical

to

achieve

with

normal

electronic

circuitry

and

would

be

difficult

to

measure

with

an

ADC.

The

true

gaussian

shape

deteri

orates

the

signal-to-noise

ratio

by

only

about

12%

from

that

of

the

cusp

and

produces

a

signal

that

is

easy

to

measure

but

requires

many

sections

of

integration

(n

—

=<=).

With

two

sections

of

integration

the

waveform

identified

as

a

gaussian

approximation

can

be

obtained,

and

this

deteriorates

the

signal-to-noise

ratio

by

about

22%.

The

EG&G

ORTEC

active

filter

network

in

the

855

provides

a

fourth

waveform

in

Fig.

1.3;

this

waveform

has

characteristics

superior

to

the

n

=

2

gaussian

approxi

mation.

yet

obtains

them

with

two

complex

poles

and

a

real

pole.

By

this

method,

the

output

pulse

shape

has

a

good

signal-to-noise

ratio,

is

easy

to

calculate,

and

yet

requires

only

a

practical

amount

of

electronic

circuitry

to

achieve

the

desired

results.

i

+

d/na

u-m/Rcii

GAUSSIAN

APPnOXIMATION

FOR

/I

•

2

f

+

(i/RC)

u

+

d/RCJr

ACTIVE

FILTER

[s-f

{1/RC)j

[s

>

(3/flC)l

U

+

(1

-

k|)/HC}

(s

+

(1

-

kj)/flCl

j

«

n/^.

k

=

o.a

Figc

1.3.

Pulse

Shapes

for

Good

Signal-to-Noise

Ratios,

2.

SPECIFICATIONS

The

EG&G

ORTEC

855

Amplifier

is

two

spectroscopy

amplifiers

in

a

single-width

NIM

module.

Only

one

am

plifier

will

be

referred

to

in

the

discussion.

All

references,

such

as

jumper

settings,

input/output

connections,

speci

fications,

etc.,

apply

to

both

amplifiers.

2.1.

PERFORMANCE

GAIN

RANGE

Continuously

adjustable

from

5

to

1250.

PULSE

SHAPE

Semigaussian

on

all

ranges

with

peak

ing

time

equal

to

2.2r.

50%

pulse

width

equal

to

3.3r.

and

pulse

width

at

0.1%

level

equal

to

4.0

times

the

peaking

time.

Bipolar

crossover

=

1.5r.

<±0.05%

for

1.5-fJS

shap-

INTEGRAL

NONLINEARITY

ing

time.

NOISE

<5

pV

rms

referred

to

the

input

using

3

ps

uni

polar

shaping:

<7

fjV

using

1.5

fus

shaping;

both

for

again

>100.

TEMPERATURE

INSTABILITY

Gain

<±0.0075%/°

C.

0

to

50°

0.

Dc

Level

<±30

^<V/°C,

0

to

50°

C.

WALK

^5

ns

at

0.5

shaping

for

50:1

dynamic

range,

including

contribution

of

an

EG&G

ORTEC

551

or

552

Constant-Fraction

Timing

Single-Channel

Analyzer.

OVERLOAD

RECOVERY

Recovers

to

within

2%

of

rated

output

from

X300

overload

in

2.5

nonoverload

pulse

widths

using

maximum

gain

for

unipolar

output.

Same

recovery

from

X500

overload

for

bipolar.

RESTORER

Gated

active

baseline

stabilizer

with

auto

matic

threshold

circuit

to

provide

the

threshold

level

as

a

function

of

signal

noise

to

the

baseline

restorer

discrimi

nator.

SPECTRUM

BROADENING*

Typically

<10%

FWHM

for

a

®°Co

1.33-MeV

gamma

line

at

85%

of

full

scale

for

an

incoming

count

rate

of

1

to

50k

ops.

Unipolar

output,

1.5

A(S

shaping.

SPECTRUM

SHIFT'

Peak

position

shifts

typically

<0.02%

for

a

®°Co

1.33-MeV

gamma

l

ine

at

85%

of

full

scale

(measured

at

the

unipolar

output.

1.5

lus

shaping,

1

to

50k

cps).

2.2.

CONTROLS

FINE

GAIN

Ten-turn

precision

potentiometer

with

graduated

dial

for

continuously

variable

direct-reading

gain

factor

of

X2.5

to

XI

2.5.

COARSE

GAIN

Six-position

switch

selects

feedback

resistors

for

gain

factors

of

2,

4,

10,

20,

40,

and

100.

'These

count

rate

specifications

were

measured

with

a

10%

HPGe

detector.

Detectors

with

a

large

numoer

of

slow,

nse-time

signals

will

most

likely

give

poorer

results.

SHAPING

TIME

Three-position

printed

wiring

board

(FWB)

jumpers,

easily

accessible

through

side

panel,

select

time

constants

for

active

pulse-shaping

filter

net

work

of

0.5,

1.5,

or

3

fjs.

POS/NEG

A

PWB

jumper

(W3)

selects

either

positive

or

negative

input

polarity.

PZ

ADJ

Screwdriver

adjustable

potentiometer

to

set

the

pole-zero

cancellation

to

compensate

input

decay

times

from

30

fjs

to

2.3.

INPUT

INPUT

BNC

(UG-1094A/U)

front

and

rear

panel

con

nectors

accept

either

positive

or

negative

pulses

with

rise

times

of

10

to

650

ns

and

decay

times

of

30

fjs

to

»=;

Z,n

=

1000

Q

dc-coupled;

linear

maximum

2

V;

absolute

maxi

mum

20

V.

2.4.

OUTPUTS

UNI

Front

panel

BNC

connector

with

Zo

<

1

O.

Short-

circuit

proof;

full-scale

linear

range

of

0

to

±10

V;

active

filter

shaped;

dc-restored

with

dc

level

adjustable

to

±15

mV.

Bl

Front

panel

BNC

connector

with

Zo

<

1

O.

Short-

circuit

proof;

positive

lobe

leading

and

full-scale

linear

range

of

0

to

±10

V;

active

filter

shaped.

Rear

panel

BNC

connector

with

2Io

=

93

G.

PWB

jumper

(W8)

selects

either

unipolar

or

bipolar

rear

panel

output.

PREAMP

POWER

Rear

panel

standard

EG&G

ORTEC

power

connector

(Amphenol

17-10090)

mates

with

cap

tive

and

noncaptive

power

cords

on

all

EG&G

ORTEC

preamplifiers.

2.5.

RELATED

EQUIPMENT

The

EG&G

ORTEC

855

Amplifier

accepts

linear

pulses

from,

and

furnishes

power

to,

any

standard

EG&G

ORTEC

preamplifier

or

equivalent.

Its

output

pulses

may

be

used

for

l

inear

signal

analysis,

using

any

of

the

EG&G

ORTEC

modular

instruments

and

multichannel

analyzers.

2.6.

ELECTRICAL

AND

MECHANICAL

POWER

REQUIRED

±24

V,

83

mA;-24

V,

70

mA;-12

V,

125

mA;

-12

V,

140

mA.

WEIGHT

Net

1.5

kg

(3.3

lb).

Shipping

3.1

kg

(7.0

lb).

DIMENSIONS

Standard

single-width

NIM

module

3.43

x

22.13

cm

(1.35

x

8.714

in.)

per

TlD-20893

(Rev).