Daystrom Heath CR-1 Guía de configuración rápida

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MOLDED

MICA

TYPE

CAPACITORS

RMA

(S·DOT

OBSOLETE

CODE)

W.'kinll~

T.l.,an,.

:J(Si9nifi,ant,F,gore

VDltDge

'=',.

Multipli.,

Mult,pli.,

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Mullipli.,

WOrking

'age

lear

Tol.rOlllC'

Tolerance

WDrklng

V.ltage lank

RMA

4-DOT

(OBSOLETE)

WO'king

Va"""

~-IIIUltiPIl.r

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fSignifi,

Fig.,.

BUTTON

SIL

VEl

"ICA

CAPACITOR

...

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M.ltlpli.,

3rd

,dlgil

Multipli.,

RMA

t.-DOT

(OBSOLETE)

lst}

2nd

ifi,.t

FI",

••

3rd

RMA

3-DOT

(OBSOLnEl

RATED

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VI.V.D.C.

20%

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~fSignifiea.t

JAN

"48

IMA

COD£

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Whil. (IMA)

2nd

\.gn, [ani Flgu,e

Ilacll

(JAN)

,Multiplie'

Class Tolerance

CURRENT

STANDARD

CODE

MOLDED

PAPER

TYPE

CAPACITORS

Cour'.,y

of Centro/ab

lIIultipiior

Mterisllr:

JAN.

CODE

CAPACITOR

SlgaiS,.t

, I I

r;~

"goor.

lIn the design ofHeathkits. the

temperature

coefficient ofceramic

or mica capacitors

not generally acritical factor aud there-

'fore

Heathkit

manuals avoid reference to temperature coefli-

cicnt. specifications.

MqLDED

FLAT

CAPACITOR

ICommo"ial Cod.

Il""k

IJy

...",ally

._pod

f.,

vol,.

The

tolerance rating of capacitors is determined by the color

code.

For

example: red =2%. green =

5%,

etc.

The

voltage

ratiug

capacit.ors is obtained

mult.iplying

t.he

color value

100. For example: orange =3 X 100 or 300 volts. Blue

6 X 100 or 600

vol\.~

2.d

(Sill"ifo,ao'

lst \Voltage Figo,.

A 2 digit Yol'age rating indicates

IfMJr

...

900

Add

ze'DS

end

7digit

••

mbe,.

TUBULAR

CAPACITOR

·/

Antenna

TResilotor

---

Rcceptocle

-A./\tv-

Neon

Bulb

General

two-conductor

loop

@Resistor

JVyv-

Illuminating

-±1~

Topped

lamp

Battery

Switch

Ground

Resistor

Variable

Single

pore

0"'0

fuse

d\P

Single

throw

Inductor

]

~f-

Switch

:;-..;"0

~O~

Potentiometer

double

pole

Piezoelectric

General

single

throw

0"0

Cry,tol

Air

core

][Switch 0:'-0 0

Trontformer

Thermistor

Triple

pole

0:--0

01000

General

Double

thro.w

0"0

Adiustable

Switch

dO~

"Jock

Powdered

Iron two

conductor

Multipoint

1,000,000 =M

Core

Rotary

Magnetic

Core

Jock

~I\~

Speaker

OHM=

Variable

Coupling

three

conductor

Iron

Core

]III[

Wires

~,.+

Rectifier

'-.-

Transformer

co"neded

Microfarad

::::

Copodtor

Wire. ++

=(]

Mi"o

Gener«:d -it-

Crossing

but

Microphone

Microfarad

nof

connected

Capacifor

Ammeter

-0

''";

...

':~

Binding

pad

-0-

Electrolytic

+-1

E--

Vohmeter

suppreuor

r.rminol.t'iPiod~

---

screen

Ga!\lanarne'er

Grid

___

Capaciter

--*

MA.

Milliammeter

Wiring

between

..l...l.

Variable

vA.

Micreommetet,

etc.

cathode

letters

......

XY X

dament

understood

-iY

(Ollr/elY

....

_---------------------------------~--~~-~--------~------------~-------

HEATH

COMPANY

Subsidiary

Doystrom

Inc.

THE

WORLD'S

FINEST

ELECTROMIC

EQUIPMENT

KIT

fORM

BENTON

HARBOR,

MICHIGAN

4/30/56

1956

Heath

Compony

Benton

Horbor,

Michigon

1""o"'V.S,""

ASSEMBLY

AND

OPERATION

THE

HEATHKIT

CRYSTAL

RECEIVER

MODEL CR-l

SPEC

IFIC

ATrONS

Tuning

Range:

540-1600

kilocycles

Controls:

Primary

Tuning

variable

capacitor

and

switch

selected

fixed

capacitors.

Secondary

Tuning

variable

capacitor.

Binding

Posts

for

Antenna,

Ground

and

Headset

Cabinet

Size:

.............•.................

long

wide

x 2

1/8"

deep

Headset:

Double,

4000

resistance

Net

Weight:

1/4

lbs.

Shipping

Weight:

lbs.

HEADSET

CRYSTAL DIODE

CRI

100

TRANSFORMER

ii~L2

DET

~C2

~~5

MMF

IIL·

200

SWITCH

365

3501

350

MMF MMF MMF

ANTENNA

GND.

HEATHKIT

CRYSTAL

RECEIVER

SCHEMATIC

MODEL

CR-l

INSTRUMENT

DESCRIPTION

The

Heathkit

Crystal

Receiver

model

-1

improved

version

of a

type

radio

that

enjoyed

popularity

around

the

early

1920'

Such

receiver

contains

circuits

capable

tuning

select-

ing

the

desired

radio

signal

and

crystal

detector

extract

the

electrical

sound

energy

from

the

radio

signal.

Headphones

are

us~d

reproduce

the

program

material.

outdoor

antenna

and

ground

are

required

except

locations

near

the

radio

transmitter.

Modern

components

have

made

possible

design

efficient

and

compact

receiver

than

was

possible

when

radio

was

its

infancy.

The

temperamental

"cats-whisker"

and

galena

cry-

stal

have

been

replaced

germanium

diode

that

requires

adjustment

and

much

sensitive.

Powdered

iron

cores

the

coils

permit

great

reduction

size

and

lncrease

their

efficiency.

Crystal

receivers

possess

advantages

not

found

other

receivers.

power

iiS

r::quired

their

operation,

making

them

independent

power

lines

batteries.

They

are

small,

light

and

have

parts

wear

out.

The

crystal

receiver

capable

better

audio

quality

and

iJignal-

to-noise

ratio

than

most

broadcast

receivers

available

today,

making

practical

tuner

for

high

fidelity

sound

installations.

Its

simplicity

and

low

cost

make

ideal

for

the

beginner

radio

emergency

receiver

such

recommended

Civil

Defense

authorities.

The

Heathkit

Crystal

Receiver

housedin

attractive

black

bak'3lHe

cabinet

and

has

matching

black

knobs.

The

panel

charcoal

gray

and

all

controls

are

identified

white

lettering.

All

components

were

selected

for

optimum

performance

the

finished

receiver.

Construction

easily

accomplished

with

simple

hand

tools.

You

can

enjoy

reception

within

hour

after

open-

ing

your

kit.

Even

these

days

short

wave

and

teleVision,

there

certain

thrill

had

logging

stations

from

500

1000

miles

on a

receiver

built

yourself

and

powered

only

the

signal

from

the

antenna.

CIRCUIT

DESCRIPTION

The

design

of a

crystal

radio

receiver

involves

the

conflicting

factors

selectivity

and

sensiti-

vity.

Selectivity

the

ability

the

radio

separate

one

radio

station

from

another

when

they

operate

near

the

same

frequency.

Sensitivity

the

ability

the

radio

produce

usable

VOlume

from

weak

signal.

The

circuit

your

Heathkit

Crystal

Receiver

was

designed

prOVide

the

best

possible

combination

selectivity

and

sensitivity.

brief

theory

operation

the

var-

ious

components

follows

for

those

interested

learning

about

the

way

which

this

has

been

accomplished.

order

talk

about

any

science

field

learning,

necessary

use

the

language

that

science.

the

description

that

follows,

any

words

that

may

new

you

will

explained.

some

them

are

still

not

too

clear,

ordinary

dictionary

will

helpful.

Besides

learning

words

that

may

new

you, you

should

also

learn

the

meaning

and

use

the

symbols

used

drawing

"schematic

diagram"

of a

radio

circuit,

such

appears

Page

These

symbols

are

sort

electronic

shorthand

used

represent

the

various

components

that

into

the

making

of a

radio

any

other

electronic

circuit.

using

the

proper

symbols

and

connecting

lines,

any

circuit,

simple

complicated,

can

written

that

anyone

familiar

with

the

system

will

have

difficulty

understanding

it.

The

inside

cover

this

manual

gives

examples

most

the

commonly

used

radio

symbols.

Several

them

are

used

the

schematic

diagram

your

CR-l

Crystal

Receiver

Page

the

description

that

follows,

reference

number

assigned

each

the

components

described.

This

number

cor-responds

with

num-

ber

placed

the

symbol

for

that

component

the

diagram.

referring

the

diagram

you

read

the

text,

you

should

become

familiar

with

the

use

the

system

and

gain

better

understanding

the

relationship

the

various

components

your

receiver.

You

will

probably

find

many

statements

that

are

not

explained

much

detail.

This

because

there

not

enough

room

book

this

size

into

great

detail.

Many

volumes

have

been

written

cover

each

and

all

the

various

parts

the

circuit.

hoped

that

this

discussion

will

throw

little

light

interesting

subject

and

that

those

interested

learning

will

avail

themselves

the

many

books

that

may

found

the

public

library.

Page

Radio

signals

travel

from

the

transmitting

antenna

your

receiving

antenna

the

form

elec-

tromagnetic

waves.

These

waves

are

form

energy

similar

light,

although

cannot

see

them.

When

these

waves

pass

the

receiving

antenna,

they

cause

electrical

current

flow

it.

Because

the

nature

the

radio

waves,

the

current

that

flows

alternating

current

(AC)

one

that

continuously

reverses

its

direction

of flow

the

wire.

You

might

compare

the

baseball

game

"catch,

where

the

ball

travels

first

one

direction

and

then

the

other.

Two

complete

changes

direction

form

what

called

one

"cycle."

our

ball

game,

one

cycle

would

consist

your

throwing

the

ball

and

then

catching

one

time.

radio

elec-

tricity,

the

number

cycles

that

occur

one

second

called

the

frequency.

Ordinary

house

lighting

current

flows

back

and

forth

sixty

times

every

second,

therefore

called

cycle

AC.

The

frequency

the

radio

signals

used

the

standard

broadcast

band

may

vary

between

54CJ

kilocycles

and

1600

kilocycles.

Kilo

Greek

word

meaning

one

thousand,

therefore

the

frequencies

range

from

540,000

cycles

1,600,000

cycles~

much

higher

than

standard

house

lighting

current.

Because

signals

from

many

different

radio

stations

are

present

the

antenna

the

same

time,

becomes

necessary

select

tune

the

desired

signal

and

reject

the

others.

radio

this

may

accomplished

using

"resonant"

circuit.

TwO

such

circuits

are

used

the

CR-1

Crystal

Receiver.

The

first

one

consists

the

ANT.

tuning

capacitor

and

coil

connected

it.

order

keep

the

tuning

capacitor

reasonable

physical

size,

switch

pro-

vided

connect

additional

fixed

mica

capacitors

and

C4,

parallel

withit

extend

the

cap-

acity

required.

These

additional

capacitors

mayor

may

not

reqUired,

depending

the

antenna

use.

The

second

resonant

circuit

consists

the

DET.

tuning

capacitor

and

coil

connected

it.

will

said

about

the

coils

later.

combination

of a

coil

and

capacitor

has

the

abil-

ity

alternating

current

of a

certain

frequency

preference

all

other

frequencies.

adjusting

the

electrical

size

either

the

coil

the

capacitor,

the

resonant

frequency

may

adjusted

tuned

any

desired

value.

Since

the

size

the

coils

the

CR-1

Crystal

Rec-

eiver

cannot

changed,

tuning

done

changing

the

electrical

size

both

the

ANT.

and

DET.

capacitors.

you

turn

the

knob,

notice

that

the

metal

plates

the

capacitor

move

into

out

"mesh.

"When

the

plates

are

fully

r:.leshed,

the

capacity

greatest

and

when

the

plates

are

out

mesh,

the

capacity

smallest.

this

way,

you

can

adjust

the

capacity

the

cor-

rect

value

tune

the

desired

station.

Because

the

principles

resonant

circuits

are

too

in-

volved

for

this

book,

let

compare

them

resonance

mechanical

form.

Imagine

weight

hung on a

spring

shown

Figure

lA.

you

pull

down on

the

weight

and

release

it,

will

con-

tinue

bounce

and

down

for

while

certain

rate

called

the

resonant

frequency.

you

were

change

either

the

weight

the

spring,

the

resonant

frequency

would

also

change.

Figure

SUPPORT

WEIGHT

Figure

TIGHTLY

STRETCHED

STRING

SUPPORTS.---------

Now

you

were

hang

two

identical

springs

and

weights

from

support

shown

Figure

lB,

you would

have

"coupled"

resonant

circuits.

When one of

the

weights

set

into

motion,

you

will

notice

that

the

other

one

will

also

bounce

and

down

the

same

rate

frequency.

can

say

that

they

are

resonance

with

each

other.

one of

the

springs

weights

were

changed,

very

little

motion

would

transferred

from

one

the

other.

Page

This

simple

experiment

can

tried

using

rubber

bands

for

the

springs

and

fishing

sinkers

for

the

weights.

experimenting

with

the

size

the

rubber

bands

and

weights,

you

will

find

many

combinations

that

will

resonate

with

each

other.

this

time

can

return

the

discussion

about

the

coils

and

see

what

they

the

radio.

First

all,

becomes

necessary

learn

little

about

electric

current.

One

very

important

fact

that

when

current

flows

wire

conductor,

magnetic

field

will

exist

around

that

wire

conductor.

The

strength

the

magnetic

field

depends

upon

the

amount

current

that

floWing.

This

principle

used

making

the

huge

electro-magnets

used

steel

yards

for

lifting

large

pieces

iron

and

steel.

Such

magnet

made

many

turns

wire

with

great

amount

current

flowing

them.

use

alternating

current,

the

magnetic

field

will

build

and

fall

back

the

current

changes

direction

the

wire.

This

fact

very

important

you

will

soon

learn.

Another

very

important

fact

this;

when

wire

made

move

through

magnetic

field,

current

will

flow

the

wire.

The

same

thing

will

happen

the

magnetic

field

made

move

past

the

wire.

Electric

generators

work

because

many

turns

wire

are

made

move

magnetic

field.

Water,

steam

gasoline

power

usually

used

turn

the

generator.

trans-

former

device

designed

workon

the

principle

moving

magnetic

field.

usually

con-

sists

two

coils

wire

placed

near

each

other

wound

common

iron

core.

alternating

current

flOWing

one

the

coils

will

cause

current

flow

the

other

coil

Goils.

common

example

of a

transformer

doorbell

transformer.

consists

two

coils

wire

wound

iron

core.

Sixty

cycle

house-lighting

current

flowing

one

the

coils

creates

moving

magnetic

field

that

passes

the

wires

the

other

coiL

current

made

flow

the

second

coil.

The

transformer

made

that

this

current

proper

for

operating

the

doorbell.

The

coils

your

Heathkit

Crystal

Receiver

also

form

transformer.

The

differ-

ence

between

and

doorbell

transformer

the

type

construction

necessary

make

oper-

ate

the

higher

frequencies

used

for

radio

broadcasting.

The

coils

are

wound

with

Litz

Wire,

which

consists

many

strands

extremely

fine

wire,

insulated

from

each

other

and

given

overall

insulation

nylon.

This

type

wire

has

lower

losses

than

solid

wire

the

broadcast

frequencies.

Cores

finely

powdered

iron

are

placed

within

the

coils.

Iron

such

used

the

doorbell

transformer

would

not

work

the

broadcast

frequencies.

now,

you

have

probably

started

see

the

purpose

the

transformer

your

radio.

The

electric

current

from

the

antenna

flows

through

one

the

coils.

The

ANT.

tuning

capacitor

tunes

resonates

the

circuit

the

desired

station.

Since

this

alternating

current,

the

moving

magnetic

field

passes

through

the

other

coil,

causing

current

flow

it.

This

coil

tuned

resonated

the

DET.

tuning

capacitor.

providing

two

tuned

resonant

circuits,

the

selectiVity

the

radio

has

been

improved

greatly.

would

possible

add

tuned

circuits

further

improve

selectivity,

however,

there

some

loss

involved

each

time

the

sig-

nal

passes

through

transformer,

making

further

circuits

undesirable.

Before

continuing

with

the

description

your

crystal

receiver,

will

helpful

learn

little

about

electricity.

this

point,

have

talked

only

about

electric

current.

Another

very

important

thing

understand

the

term

"voltage"

simply

"volts."

Current

the

term

have

been

using

mean

the

flow

movement

electricity

wire.

Voltage

term

used

describe

difference

electrical

pressure

various

points

electrical

circuit

device.

battery

simple

device

that

produces

difference

electrical

pressure

its

ter-

minals

chemical

action

the

material

used

making

it.

When

wire

bulb

buzzer

connected

its

terminals,

current

will

flow

through

because

the

difference

electrical

pressure

the

voltage

that

exists

between

its

terminals.

This

action

will

continue

until

the

chemicals

are

exhausted.

might

compare

the

battery

pump

forcing

water

through

pipes.

The

water

will

flow

long

there

difference

pressure

between

different

points

the

system,

flowing

from

the

point

high

pressure

the

point

lower

pressure.

Page

Let

return

the

battery

and

connect

three

bulbs

"series"

across

its

terminals.

Figure

shows

what

meant

series

connection.

The

current

flows

through

each

bulb

succession,

therefore,

the

same

amount

current

must

flow

each.

Let

assume

that

the

three

bulbs

are

identical

and

that

the

battery

voltage

three

volts.

you

were

place

the

leads

of a

voltmeter

across

each

the

bulbs,

you

would

find

that

there

one

volt

pressure

across

each.

The

total

voltage

across

the

three

bulbs

would

the

same

the

battery

voltage.

Since

the

bulb

Figure

itself

not

capable

producing

electrical

pressure

voltage

such

the

battery,

there

must

another

reason

for

this

observation.

The

voltage

appearing

across

the

bulb

caused

the

current

flowing

through

the

bulb.

The

voltage

caused

current

flowing

the

coil

the

transformer

used

operate

the

headphones

your

crystal

receiver.

this

time

becomes

necessary

examine

the

nature

the

voltage

and

the

necessity

for

the

crystal

detector.

Figure

graph

that

re-

presents

the

voltage

appearing

across

the

coil.

assumed

that

the

radio

tuned

station

1000

kilocycles

and

the

moment

there

speech,

music

any

program

material.

This

signal

what

called

the

"carrier."

Even

were

possible

convert

this

voltage

into

sound

the

headphones,

would

impossible

hear

anything

because

our

ear

cannot

hear

sounds

above

fifteen

twenty

thousand

vibrations

per

sec-

ond. You

can

see

that

necessary

something

the

carrier

signal

before

will

possible

hear

any

sounds.

This

"something"

called

modulation.

AVERAGE

VALUE

OF CARRIER PLUS

MODULATION

Figure

SECOND

-----?

CARRIER PLUS

MODULATION

1,000

CYCLE

TONE

'II

"-I,O~O

C:F

THESE

PEAKS

OCCUR

DURING ONE

SECOND

I-

Figure

graph

that

represents

the

carrier

voltage

with

modulation

added.

assumed

that

musical

note

of 1000

cycles

modulating

the

carrier.

1000

cycles

approximately

the

frequency

the

note

two

octaves

above

middle

Con

the

piano.

Notice

that

the

height

ampli-

tude

the

carrier

voltage

changing

1000

times

each

second.

The

voltage

now

has

complicated

form

with

fast

variations

1,000,000

cycles

per

second

and

slow

variations

of 1000

cycles

per

second.

the

variations

of 1000

cycles

are

con-

verted

sound

the

headphones,

will

hear

the

musical

note.

yet

not

possible

use

this

voltage

operate

the

headphones,

for

this

reason;

notice

that

the

changes

voltage

are

equal

above

and

below

the

reference

line.

Because

this,

the

average

value

the

voltage

re-

presented

the

graph

order

extract

the

electrical

sound

energy

modulation

from

the

carrier,

the

crystal

used.

Because

its

function

the

radio,

called

detector

demodulator.

The

crystal

detector

CR1

consists

of a

small

block

refined

germanium

with

very

fine

wire

resting

its

surface.

This

wire

welded

position

that

cannot

disturbed.

the

early

days

radio,

the

crystal

was

made

of a

mineral

called

galena.

The

Wire,

called

"cats-

whisker"

had

carefully

placed

the

surface

the

crystal

and

very

often

would

jarred

out

position.

The

modern

germanium

crystal

much

sensitive

and

completely

pro~

tee

ted

its

molded

case.

The

crystal

allows

current

flow

through

one

direction

only,

traffic

one

way

street.

vacuum

tube

also

has

this

same

property.

The

process

passing

current

one

direction

only

called

"rectification.

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