Supermicro SuperServer AS-2021A-T2R+F Manual de usuario

SCHLI

CH’S

MANUALOFFORES

TRY.

VOLUMEII

SILVICUL T UR E .

SIRWM.SCHLICH,

PH.D.,M.A.Ox0N.

PROFESSOR OF FORESTRY

,UNIVE RSIT YOFOX F ORD;LATEI

NSPE CTOR-GENERAL

OF FORESTSTOTHEGOVERNMENTOFINDI

FOU

RTHEDITION,REVISED.

WITH106 IL L USTRAT I

ONS.

LONDON

BRADBURY

,AGNEW,CO.LD.,10

,BOUVERIE STRE ET.

1910.

BRADBURY,AGNEW,co.LD.,PRI

NTERS,

IONDONANDTONBR IDGE.

TABLE O

F CO

NTEN

TS.

INTRODUCTION

PAR TI.

—'

‘

HE F OUNDATIONSOFSILVICULTU RE

ChapterI

—

LOCALITYINREL ATIONToFORESTVEGETATION

Section I.

—TheAtmosphere

SectionII—Climate

1.Heat

2.Light

3.Moisture

4.AirCurrents

SectionII

I—Soil

1.Origin of Soil

FormationofIndigenousSoil

CompositionofSoil

PhysicalPropertiesof8011

C lass1ﬁcationof 80115

EffectoftheSoiluponForestVegetation

SectionIK—EﬁectofForestVegetationon theLocality

Section I

C—AssessmentoftheQualityoftheLocality

ChapterII.

—DE VELOPMENTOF FORESTTRE ES

1.Shape

2.HeightGrowth

3.DiameterGrowth

4.VolumeGrowth

5.DurationOfLife

6.ReproductivePower.

Chapter III.

—CHARACTERANDCOMPOSITIONOFWOODS.

Section I—PureWoods

Section IL—MixedWoods

1.Advan tagesofMixedWoods

LDisadvantages ofMixedWoods

3.RulesfortheFormation ofMixedWo

ods

viTABLE or C ONTENTS.

ChapterI

—cm

ltini1e/7.PAGE

Secti onI

I—

\Iixeil

4.MixtuiesofShadebeai iiigSpecies

.Mixtuies ofShadebea i ingwithLightd

emanding

Spec ies

6.MixturesofLightdeman di n gSpecies

ChapterIV.

—THESILVICULTURALSYSTEMSOR METHODSor

TREATMENT9 2

SectionI—

Descripti on ofSystems93

1.ClearCuttinginHighFO i cs t9 3

2.TheShelter-woodCompartmentor UniformS

ystem96

3.TheShelter-woodGroupSystem98

4.TheShelter-woodSelectionSystem10

5.TheCoppiceSystem10

6.TheCoppice withStandards S

ystem104

7.HighForestwithStandards 107

8.Two-storied HighF

orest108

9.HighForestwithSoil-protectionWood109

10.ForestryCombinedwiththeGrowingofField Crops 109

1 1.ForestryCombinedwithPasture 1 12

12.ForestryCombin edWiththeRe aringofGame112

SectionI

—Choice ofS

ystem112

PAR TI

—

FORMA T IONANDR E GENE R ATIONO F WOODS119

ChapterI

—PRELIMINARYWORKS122

Sectio n L—ChoiceofSpecies122

SectionII.

-Fe nc ing128

SectionJ I

L—ReclamationoftheS

oil135

1.TreatmentofanImpermeableSubstratum136

2.TreatmentofSwampyGroundGenerally137

3.Iii'igationofAridLand143

4.TreatmentofExcessiveAcc umulationsofVegetable

Flatter

5.FixationofShiftingS

and

6.Fixation o fUnstableS

oilonSlopes

ChapterII.

—ARTIFICIALFORMATIONOF WOODS

Section L—DirectS

owing

A.ConditionsofSuccess

1.Choice ofSpecies

2.QualityofSeed

3.Quan tityofSeed

4.ConditionsofGermin ation

BMethodsofS

owing

1.B

roadcas tS

owing

2.Pa rtialSowing

TABLEOFCONTENTS.vii

ChapterI

—continue(l.PAGE

SectionII—Plaiiting

A.Condition sofSuccess

1.ChoiceofSpecies

2.Differe n tKinds ofPlants

3.QualityofPlan ts

Agean dSize ofPlants

Sea sonforPlanting

DensityofPlanting

Distribution ofPlan tsovertheArea

8.NumberofPlants

9.LiftingPlants

10.PruningPlants

11.Protection ofPlantsinTran sit

12.Preparation oftheSoil

B.RaisingPlan ts

1.PurchaseofPlan ts

2.Plan tstake n fromExistingWoods

3.RaisingPlan tsinNurse ries

C.Methods ofPlanting

l.Plan tingwithBallsofEarth

2.PlantingwithoutBalls ofEarth

3.MoundPlanting

D.Plan tingofSlips,Layers andSuckers

ChapterIII.

—NATURALREGENERATIONOFWOODS

ection L—NaturalRegenerationbySeed

A.NaturalRegeneration underaShelter-wood

1.TheCompa rtmen torUniformS

ystem

2.TheStripSystem

3.TheGroupSystem

4.CombinationoftheGroupan d StripSystems

5.TheSelection S

ystem

6.Comparative MeritsoftheFour S

ystems

B.NaturalRegen erationfromAdjoiningWoods

Section IL—NaturalRegenerationbyShootsandSuckers

ChapterIV.

—FORMATIONO F MIXEDWOODS

1.Formation of E ven AgedMixedWoods

2.Formation of:Uneven AgedMixedWoods

ChapterV.—

CHOICEOFMETHOD OFFORMATION

Section L—Choice betwe enDirectSowingandPlan ting

Section II.

—

Choicebetween ArtiﬁcialRegenerationan dNatura l

RegenerationbySeed

ectionIII—CombinationofSeveralMethods ofFormation282

TABLEOFCONTENTS.

PAR TIII—

TENDINGO F WOODS

Chapter I

—TENDINGOFWOODSDURINGEARLYYOUTH

1.Protection agai nstExtern alDan gers

2.PreservationofaProperDen sityoftheCrop

3.Clean i ngofYoungWoods

4.Preservation ofaProperMixture

ChapterII.

—

TENDINGorFULLYSTOCK E DWOODSAFTEREARLY

YOUTH

SectionI—Remova lofDead,Injured,orotherms e Undesirable

Tre e s

ectionI

L—Pruning

SectionI

II —Thinning

1.General

2.TheMostSuitableGrowingSpace

3.TheTheoryofThinning

4.Thin n ingofMixedWoods

5.Thi n ningofCoppiceWoods

6.Pri n cipalAdvantagesofThinnings

7.Exec utionofThin n ings

ChapterIII

.—TENDINGorOPENWOODSFORTHEPRODUCTION

OFLARGETIMBER

1.TheTheory

2.Prin cipalFormsofTreatment

b3.Exec utionoftheWork.

PARTIV .

—

SILVICULTURALNOTESONBRITISHFO R ES

TRE E S

1.Beech

2.Hornbeam

3.Oak

4.Ash

5.Elm

6.SweetChestn u t

7.Maple

8.Alder

9.Birch

10.Willow

11.Poplar

12.Lime-tree

13.Hazel

14.Robinia

15.Walnut

16.SilverFi r

17.NorwaySpruce

18.SitkaSpruce

19.ScotchPine

TABLEOF CONTENTS.

PARTIV .

—

SILVICULTURALNOTESBRITISHFOR EST

TRE E S—continued.

PAGE

20.BlackorAustrianPine

Cors wanPine

WeymouthPi n e

Larch

24.DouglasFir

25.GiantThuia

Lawson’sCypress

WesternHemloc k

INDEX

SILVIC U LTU R E.

NTRODUCTI

ON.

IL VIOULTURE literally means the culture of forests,that is

to “say all measures connected with the formation,preserva

tion and treatment of forests.In practice,however,the word

forestry is used to express and comprise all this,while by

Silviculture,in its narrower sense,is understood the formation,

regeneration and tending of forests,or woods,until they

become ripe forthe axe.S

ilviculture,in the lattersense,

teaches how a forest,or wood,can be produced and guided to

maturity so as to realise in the most advantageous manner the

object w

hich the proprietorhas in View.

The obj ect,for which a particular forest is maintained,

depends on the will and pleasure of the owner,in so faras his

freedom of action is not limited by rights of third persons,or

by legal enactments.The obj ect itself can be one of many,

and of thesethe following may be mentioned by way of

illustration

1.To yield produce of a deﬁnite description,for instance

trees and shrubs of special beauty,ortrees giving a

certain kind of timber,or other produce ﬁt for particular

purposes:

such as gra ss,turpentine,caoutchouc,etc.

To produce the greatest possible quantity of wood or

other produce per acre and year.

3.To produce the highest possible money return,per acre

and year.

To produce the highest possibl e interest on the invested

capital.

5.To produce certain indirect effects forinstance,to

s.B

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