Rosco Delta Hazer Manual de usuario

DEVELOPMENT OF

TIME-AND-DISTANCE GUIDELINES FOR USE OF

THEATRICAL SMOKE EQUIPMENT:

ROSCO DELTA HAZER

Prepared for:

Rosco Laboratories

Stamford, Connecticut

Prepared by:

ENVIRON International Corporation

Groton, Massachusetts

August 2006

C O N T E N T S

Page

I. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1

A. Background..............................................................................................................1

B. Use of Time-and-Distance Guidelines.....................................................................2

II. TESTING METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................3

A. Monitoring Equipment and Sampling Media ..........................................................3

B. Monitoring Procedures.............................................................................................3

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION..........................................................................................6

A. Aerosol Monitor Calibration....................................................................................6

B. Peak Exposure Characterization..............................................................................6

C. How to Use the Time-and-Distance Guidelines Tables...........................................6

IV. REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................9

ROSCO DELTA HAZER -i- E N V I R O N

F I G U R E S

Figure 1: Rosco Laboratories Delta Hazer..............................................................................5

Figure 2: Monitoring configuration ........................................................................................5

Figure 3: Calibration curve for Delta Hazer Fluid in Rosco Delta Hazer ..............................8

T A B L E

Table 1: Summary of Time-and-Distance Guidelines for Fog Generation............................7

A P P E N D I X

Appendix A: Material Safety Data Sheet

ROSCO DELTA HAZER -ii- E N V I R O N

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

In 1997-99, at the request of Actors’ Equity Association (AEA) and the League of

American Theaters and Producers (LATP) and with the support of the Equity-League Pension

and Health Trust Funds, investigators from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine (Mt. Sinai) and

ENVIRON International Corporation (ENVIRON) conducted a study to determine whether the

use of smoke, fog, haze, and pyrotechnics special effects in theatrical musical productions is

associated with a negative health impact in actors. The results of this study were presented in the

report Health Effects Evaluation of Theatrical Smoke, Haze, and Pyrotechnics (Mt. Sinai and

ENVIRON 2000).

Based on the results of the study, Mt. Sinai and ENVIRON recommended the following

peak guidance levels with respect to glycols and mineral oil:

•

The use of glycols should be such that an actor’s exposure does not exceed 40

milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3).

Mineral oil should be used in a manner such that an actor’s exposure does not exceed

a peak concentration of 25 mg/m3.

For chronic exposures to mineral oil, the existing standards established for oil mists

(5 mg/m3as an eight-hour time-weighted average) should also be protective for actors

in theatrical productions.

Comparable guidance levels were developed for glycerol in a subsequent study (ENVIRON

2001c):

•Glycerol should be used in a manner such that an actor’s exposure does not exceed a

peak concentration of 50 mg/m3.

•For chronic exposures to glycerol, the existing standards established for glycerin

mists (10 mg/m3as an eight-hour TWA) should also be protective for actors in

theatrical productions.

To ensure that peak smoke and haze levels are below these guidelines, theaters have the

option of conducting production-specific testing at their theaters using an aerosol monitor or

following equipment-based time-and distance guidelines. Rosco Laboratories retained

ENVIRON to develop time-and-distance guidelines for the use of the Rosco Delta Hazer. The

fluid tested with the Delta Hazer, a glycol-based fluid, was unnamed at the time of the testing,

and is referred to in this report as Delta Hazer Fluid.

ROSCO DELTA HAZER -1- E N V I R O N

B. Use of Time-and-Distance Guidelines

In the absence of other information, theater-specific monitoring would be required to

determine whether smoke/fog/haze machines are being used in a production in a manner that

avoids peak exposures to actors. The Time-and-Distance Guidelines described in this report

were developed as an alternative to conducting theater- and production-specific monitoring.

These Guidelines were developed under conservative use assumptions (e.g., no on-stage

activities or props that would enhance dispersion, cue release at breathing height level). By

following these Guidelines, a production can use haze effects without having to conduct its own

stage-specific testing, provided the machines are used in accordance with manufacturer

specifications, are well maintained, and are functioning properly. Table 1 of this report describes

the distance (with respect to the discharge point on the equipment) and length of time that

concentrations exceeding the peak guidance levels would occur for various use patterns for the

Delta Hazer. Thus, by arranging the blocking and choreography such that an actor is not situated

within the restricted areas during the times specified in Table 1, actors should not receive peak

exposures above the Guidelines. Calibration factors and/or Time-and-Distance Guidelines for

other Rosco machines have also been developed by ENVIRON (2001b, 2002).

It should be noted that these Time-and-Distance Guidelines may not be appropriate for all

productions. The Guidelines are based on the Delta Hazer being positioned at ground level, and

being operated to achieve 30 to 600 seconds of continuous fog generation. Productions may

want to use different configurations for positioning the machines (e.g., different heights), provide

enhanced on-stage ventilation, or generate haze for a longer or shorter period. In addition, many

productions may have other stage-specific conditions (e.g., on-stage activities and props that

enhance dispersion) that would allow actors to be present in areas that are restricted under these

Guidelines but which, in fact, do not exceed the guidance levels. In those cases, production-

specific monitoring would be recommended to determine whether peak exposure may occur.

ROSCO DELTA HAZER -2- E N V I R O N

II. TESTING METHODOLOGY

A. Monitoring Equipment and Sampling Media

Monitoring of short-term concentrations was performed using portable real-time aerosol

monitors (personalDataRAM Model PDR-1000) manufactured by Monitoring Instruments for

the Environment, Inc. (MIE). The PDR-1000 is a high sensitivity nephelometric (i.e.,

photometric) monitor that uses a light scattering sensing chamber to measure the concentration

of airborne particulate matter (liquid or solid), providing a direct and continuous readout as well

as electronic logging of the data.

The PDR-1000 aerosol monitors as obtained are calibrated to Arizona road dust over a

measurement range of 0.001 to 400 mg/m3. In order to be utilized to measure short-term glycol

or oil mist concentrations, the monitors were first calibrated for the fog or haze machines and

fluids being used.

SKC Airlite sampling pumps were used to draw air through collection media. The type

of collection media used depended on the analyte. For glycols, OSHA Versatile Sampler (OVS)

traps were used as the collection media, each containing two sections of XAD-7 resin (200-mg

front section, 100-mg back section, separated by a polyurethane foam [PUF] plug). The XAD-7

resin was used to collect both the particulate and vapor phase of the glycol aerosol. A 13-mm

glass fiber filter (GFF) plug precedes the front section and a PUF plug follows the back section.

This sampling is based on a variation of NIOSH Method 5523 (NIOSH 1996; Pendergrass 1999).

Calibration of the aerosol monitors was conducted by collecting simultaneous

measurements with a series of sampling pumps and PDR-1000 aerosol monitors, mounted on

tripods.

B. Monitoring Procedures

The testing is typically conducted in a two-step process:

•The first step involves collecting sufficient data to calibrate the aerosol monitors for the

equipment and fluid combination being used.

•The second step involves using the calibrated aerosol monitor to identify distances from

the fog release point where exceedances of the guidance levels occur.

Testing of the Delta Hazer was conducted at ENVIRON’s testing facility and the Groton

Dunstable Middle School Performing Arts Center, both located in Groton, Massachusetts.

ROSCO DELTA HAZER -3- E N V I R O N

Aerosol Monitor Calibration

Four tripod assemblies were used for calibrating the aerosol monitor, each consisting of a

sampling pump, flexible tubing, sampling media (OVS trap for glycols), and an aerosol monitor.

The height of each tripod was approximately three feet. The room exhaust ventilation fans were

turned off during each run; no major movement occurred in the testing room during each run that

would affect haze dispersion.

a) The sampling pumps were calibrated to 2 liters per minute (LPM) using a BIOS

DryCal pump calibrator. The aerosol monitors were zeroed, the data logging function

of the aerosol monitor was turned on, and the data logging times for all of the aerosol

monitors were synchronized.

b) The Delta Hazer was placed on the floor, representative of its typical use in the field.

The tripods were placed at various distances from the haze machine release nozzle to

achieve a range of exposure concentrations.

c) The sampling pumps were turned on, followed by the Delta Hazer, allowing sustained

haze generation to occur. After a period of approximately one minute, the machine

was turned off; pumps were then allowed to draw air for two minutes or five minutes.

d) The OVS traps were capped and labeled to identify the haze machine, glycol fluid,

sampling location, and other sampling specifics. After being capped and labeled, the

OVS traps were placed in a cooler with ice packs.

e) The room exhaust ventilation fans were used between runs to clear residual aerosols

from the testing area.

The collection media and bulk fluid samples, along with appropriate field blanks, were

submitted for analysis to Analytics Laboratory of Richmond, Virginia, an American Industrial

Hygiene Association (AIHA) accredited laboratory.

Time and Distance Monitoring

To measure the levels of glycol present at different distances from the release point, a

series of six tripods equipped with aerosol monitors positioned at breathing height (approx. 5ft

above ground) were used. The Delta Hazer was turned on for durations ranging from 30 to 600

seconds, allowing sustained fog generation to occur, and then turned off. The six tripods were

then immediately placed within the fog plume at distances ranging from three to 27 feet from the

Delta Hazer release point. The aerosol monitors collected logged data on the fog levels as the

concentrations gradually dissipated.

ROSCO DELTA HAZER -4- E N V I R O N

Figure 1. Rosco Laboratories Delta Hazer.

Figure 2. Monitoring configuration consisting of six tripod-mounted aerosol monitors situated

at three-foot intervals from the Delta Hazer machine. Each tripod is equipped with an aerosol

monitor.

ROSCO DELTA HAZER -5- E N V I R O N

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. erosol Monitor Calibration

ion

calibration factor, calculated from the slope of this

gression, is 0.71 (ug/L) / (mg/m3).

B. Characterization

erted to glycol concentrations using the appropriate calibration factor for the fluid, as

llows:

To develop a calibration curve, the average aerosol monitor readings for each air sample

were calculated and plotted against the total glycol concentration data. The calibration curve fo

the Delta Hazer/Delta Hazer Fluid combination is shown in Figure 3. A first order regress

line is also shown on this figure. The

Peak Exposure

For the release durations, monitoring data collected using aerosol monitors placed at

distances ranging from three to twenty-seven feet from the Delta Hazer at three foot intervals

were combined with the calibration factors to determine the levels of fog at different distances

from the release point and times following the release. The real-time aerosol monitor readings

were conv

PDRCCONC

where:

NC r, (µg/L)/ (mg/m3)

PDR = aerosol monitor reading, mg/m3

output settings were performed. These average Guideline values are summarized

Table 1.

.How to Use the Time-and-Distance Guidelines Table

herefore, the Delta Hazer should be

ble to be used for all cues up to ten minutes in duration.

CO = air concentration of total glycols, µg/L

C= aerosol monitor calibration facto

Based on these calibrated data, the times after which the concentration of haze at each

distance drops below the guidance levels were identified. For each release duration, three runs at

different haze

For various distances from the cue release point, Table 1 provides the average time (in

seconds) after the end of the cue release after which the glycol concentrations will have fallen

below the guidance levels. Thus, in order to prevent peak exposures to actors, the blocking and

choreography should be arranged such that actors are not situated within a particular distance

from the front of the fog release point until the amount of time listed in Table 1 has elapsed

following the end of the cue. In the case of the Delta Hazer, no exceedances were measured

any distance following a 30 to 600 second (10 minute) cue duration, even at the highest fog

output setting (99%). Based on ENVIRON’s testing, the Delta Hazer creates a thin long lasting

haze, that remains suspended in the air for a long period. T

ROSCO DELTA HAZER -6- E N V I R O N

It should be reiterated that the Time-and-Distance Guidelines provided in Table 1 are

intended to allow a production to use the Delta Hazer without conducting monitoring. However,

these Guidelines may not be appropriate for all productions. Table 1 is based on the Delta Hazer

being positioned at ground level, and being operated to achieve 30 to 600 seconds of continuous

fog generation. Productions may want to use different machine settings, different configurations

for positioning the machine (e.g., different heights), provide on-stage ventilation, or generate fog

for a shorter or longer period. In addition, many productions may have other stage-specific

conditions (e.g., on-stage activities and props that enhance dispersion) that would allow actors to

be present in areas that are restricted under these Guidelines but which, in fact, do not exceed the

guidance levels. In those cases, production-specific monitoring would be recommended to

determine whether peak exposure may occur.

TABLE 1

Summary of Time-and-Distance Guidelines for Fog Generation

Rosco Delta Hazer with Delta Hazer Fluid

Time (in sec) After Which Air Concentrations Are Below Guidance

Level (40 mg/m3)

Release Duration

(secs) Machine Setting 3 ft 6 ft 12 ft 15 ft 21 ft 27 ft

30 100 0 0 0 0 0 0

60 100 0 0 0 0 0 0

300 100 0 0 0 0 0 0

600 100 0 0 0 0 0 0

30 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

60 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

300 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

600 50 X X X X X X

60 30 0 0 0 0 0 0

300 30 X X X X X X

600 30 X X X X X X

Note: X = not tested, but results are expected to be comparable to those at the 100% machine

setting.

ROSCO DELTA HAZER -7- E N V I R O N

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