LEGO Architecture 21006 Manual de usuario

The White House

Washington, D.C. USA

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JamesHoban

James Hoban, 1762-1831, was born in Desart, near Callan,

County Kilkenny, Ireland. Hoban was raised at Cuﬀesgrange,

Co. Kilkenny where he learned carpentry skills. He studied

architecture at the Royal Dublin Society.

During the American Revolutionary War, Hoban

emigrated to the United States, and established himself

as an architect in Philadelphia in 1781. Hoban moved

to South Carolina in 1787, with his brothers Philip and

Joseph; he lived there for at least six more years.

We know little of Hoban’s life in South Carolina except

that he formed a partnership with carpenter Pierce

Purcell and became well known among the gentry for

his ability as an architect and builder. He was a

founding vestryman in 1791 of Saint Mary’s Church,

the ﬁrst Catholic church established in the Carolinas.

Among Hoban’s references were some of the most

prominent citizens of Charleston: Henry Laurens,

a close friend of President George Washington; fellow

Irishman Aedanus Burke; and American Revolutionary

War General William Moultrie.

The White House Historical Association (White House Collection)

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Pierre L’Enfant plan of Washington, D.C. Wikimedia Commons

Hoban’s name has been connected with public buildings

and plantation houses in the Charleston area, most notably

the historic Charleston County Courthouse and the William

Seabrook house. Another prominent building in Charleston,

actually documented as a Hoban design, was a 1,200-seat

theater on Savage’s Green that no longer survives.

The plan of Washington

In 1791 President George Washington appointed Pierre

Charles L’Enfant to design the new capital city. L’Enfant’s

plan was based on a grid, with streets traveling north-

south and east-west. Diagonal avenues, which came to

be named after the states, crossed the grid, intersecting

with the grid to form plazas. The overall eﬀect aimed to

establish a city with direction and character.

To be connected in a straight line by an avenue

160 feet wide, L’Enfant selected two high spots – Jenkins Hill

for the “Congress House” and a second hill a mile and a

half away for the “President’s Palace”. The avenue,

though no longer a straight line, since an addition,

to the Treasury building in 1840 eﬀectively blocked it,

became Pennsylvania Avenue.

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As described above, the pattern of radiating avenues was

joined and ﬁlled by a gridiron matrix of streets, which were

numbered to the east and west and lettered to the north

and south - excluding J Street, which L’Enfant omitted

to avoid confusion with the letters l and J that were

indistinguishable and often interchangeable at the time,

according to a 1994 Washington Post Magazine article.

Although L’Enfant’s design became the basis for land

sales, construction and planning, President Washington

ﬁred him a year after he was hired because L’Enfant “forged

ahead regardless of his orders, the budget, or landowners

with prior claims”.

The design competition

In 1792, at Washington’s request, Secretary of State Thomas

Jeﬀerson announced an architectural competition to

produce design drawings for the President’s House.

Washington insisted that the building should be made

of stone, so that it would have a more substantial

appearance, much like the most important buildings in

Europe. The young nation had never seen anything like it,

and that was what Washington liked about it. The building

was to be more than the home and oﬃce of the president;

it was to be a symbol of the presidency. A republic could

not have a king’s palace, but the building must command

respect from citizens in the United States and, just as

importantly, foreign visitors who came to visit America’s

leader.

On July 16, 1792, President Washington examined at

least six designs submitted in the President’s House

architectural competition. The plans were quite varied.

One of the designs was by James Hoban, an Irishman

whom the president had met a year earlier in Charleston. A

second plan was submitted by a mysterious man known

only as “A.Z.”. Historians have speculated that Thomas

Jeﬀerson was the mystery designer, but records suggest

that the architect in question was more likely John Collins,

a builder from Richmond, Virginia. A third of the six

designs is by James Dimond, a Maryland inventor.

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James Hoban’s White House design.

Wikimedia Commons

President Washington sought out Hoban, conferred with

him, and quickly selected the architect’s proposed design

for the President’s House in July 1792.

Thomas Jeﬀerson, himself of Irish descent, must have

gained particular pleasure as the second occupant of the

White House in Washington, which was doubtless inspired

by Irish Palladianism. Both Castle Coole and Leinster

House in Dublin claim to have inspired James Hoban.

The Palladianism of the White House is interesting as it

is almost an early form of neoclassicism, especially the

South facade, which closely resembles James Wyatt’s

design for Castle Coole of 1790, also in Ireland. Ironically,

the North facade lacks one of the ﬂoors from Leinster

House, while the Southern facade is given one ﬂoor more

than Castle Coole, and has an external staircase more in

the Palladian manner.

Time, and occupants, have altered the White

House in many ways. However, the White House image is

Hoban’s entirely. It is a handsome residence, embellished

with unquestionably the ﬁnest architectural stone carving

produced in America at that time. And when Hoban rebuilt

it, following the ﬁre in 1814, he was ordered to make it as it

had been, which he did, perpetuating the image and his

own claim to a place in history.

Hoban died on December 8, 1831. He is buried at

Mount Olivet Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

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HistoryofTheWhiteHouse

TheWhiteHousehasatotalofsixstoreysatwo-storey

basementtheGroundFloorStateFloorSecondFloor

andThirdFloorThereareroomsandbathrooms

in the White House There are also  doors 

windowsﬁreplacesstaircasesandelevators

TheWhiteHousehasavarietyofrecreationfacilities

including a tennis court jogging track swimming

poolmovietheaterbilliardroomandabowlinglane

The State Floor includes the East Room Green

Room Blue Room Red Room State Dining Room

Family Dining Room Cross Hall Entrance Hall and

Grand Staircase The Ground Floor is made up of the

Diplomatic Reception Room Map Room China Room

Vermeil Room Library the main kitchen and other

oﬃcesThesecondﬂoorfamilyresidenceincludesthe

YellowOvalRoomEastandWestSittingHallstheWhite

House Master Bedroom President’s Dining Room the

Treaty Room Lincoln Bedroom and Queens’ Bedroom

as well as two additional bedrooms a smaller kitchen

andaprivatedressingroomThethirdﬂoorconsistsof

theWhiteHouseSolariumGameRoomLinenRooma

DietKitchenandanothersittingroom

TheexterioroftheWhiteHousewasexpandedto

include two colonnades in  Further additions

includetheSouthporticoinandtheNorthportico

in  Today the porticos connect to the East and

WestWingsTheWestWingwasaddedtothehousein

withtheOvalOﬃceaddedtothewinginThe

EastWingwasaddedin

Lorenzo Winslow’s 1948 plan for

changes. White House Museum

Alterations to the Executive Mansion.

Library of Congress, Prints & Photo-

graphs Division

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TheWhiteHouseisagrandmansionintheneoclassical

Federal style with details that echo classical Greek

Ionic architecture James Hoban’s original design was

modeledaftertheLeinsterHouseinDublinIrelandand

didnotincludethenorthandsouthporticos

Federal style architecture is the name for the

classicizing architecture built in the United States

between c. 1780 and 1830, and particularly from 1785 to

1815. This style shares its name with its era, the Federal

Period. In the early Republic, the founding generation

consciously chose to associate the nation with the

ancient democracies of Greece and the republican

values of Rome. Grecian aspirations informed the Greek

Revival, lasting into the 1850s. Using Roman architectural

vocabulary, the Federal style applied to the balanced

and symmetrical version of Georgian architecture that

had been practiced in the American colonies new motifs

of neoclassical architecture as it was epitomized in

Britain by Robert Adam, who published his designs in

1792. The classicizing manner of constructions and town

planning undertaken by the federal government was

expressed in federal projects of lighthouses and harbor

buildings, hospitals and in the rationalizing urbanistic

layout of L’Enfant’s Washington, D.C. and in New York the

Commissioners’ Plan of 1811.

American federal architecture diﬀers from preceding

Georgian colonial interpretations in its use of plainer

surfaces with attenuated detail, usually isolated in panels,

tablets and friezes.

Federalstyle

Sailors’ Snug Harbor, Minard Lafever.

Wikimedia Commons

Tennessee State Capitol, William

Strickland. Wikimedia Commons

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FactsfromTheWhiteHouse

Location:.......................... 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue,

Washington, D.C. USA

Style:.................................. Neoclassical Federal blended

with Irish Palladianism

Materials:......................... Aquia Sandstone

Size: .................................... 55,000 ft2(5,110 m2)

Year: .................................... First cornerstone laid in October

of 1792. The full construction of

the building took place between

1792 and 1800 when the ﬁrst

residents moved in.

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2x 3x

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