Commodore 64 Manual de usuario

(It commodore

COMPUTER

==-

FIRST EDITION

THIRD PRINTING-1983

This manual is copyrighted and contains proprietary information. No part of this publica-

tion may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any

means, eledronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior

written permission of COMMODORE BUSINESS MACHINES, Inc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION. ....................................... ix

.What's Included? .................................... x

.How to Use This Reference Guide.... ................" xi

.Commodore 64 ApplicationsGuide. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. xii

.CommodoreInformation Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xvii

1. BASIC PROGRAMMING RULES 1

.Introduction 2

. ScreenDisplay Codes (BASIC Character Set) ............. 2

The Operating System(OS) 2

.Programming Numbers and Variables 4

Integer, Floating-Point and String Constants.. . . . . . . . . . 4

Integer, Floating-Point and String Variables. . . . . . . . . . . 7

Integer, Floating-Point and String Arrays 8

. Expressionsand Operators.... ..... ..... .... ..... .... . 9

Arithmetic Expressions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Arithmetic Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Relational Operators 12

Logical Operators ................................. ~3

Hierarchy of Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Stri ng Operations 16

String Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17

.Programming Techniques 18

Data Conversions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Using the INPUT Statement 18

Using the GETStatement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22

How to Crunch BASIC Programs 24

2. BASIC LANGUAGE VOCABULARY... ............... 29

.Introduction 30

. BASIC Keywords,Abbreviations, and Function Types 31

.Description of BASIC Keywords (Alphabetical) 35

. The Commodore 64 Keyboard and Features 93

. Screen Editor.. ..................................... 94

iii

3. PROGRAMMING GRAPHICS ON THE

COMMODORE64 ... 99

·Graphics Overview 100

Character Display Modes ........................... 100

Bit Map Modes 100

Sprites 100

· GraphicsLocations 101

VideoBankSelection... ... ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. 101

Screen Memory 102

ColorMemory .1.. . . .. . . .. . . .. 103

Character Memory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 103

.Standard CharacterMode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 107

Character Definitions 107

·Programmable Characters 108

.Multi-Color Mode Graphics 115

Multi-Color Mode Bit 115

.Extended Background Color Mode 120

. BitMappedGraphics... .... .... ... ..... ..... .'" .... 121

Standard High-Resolution Bit Map Mode. . ... . ... . 122

HowItWorks. . ... .. ... ... .... . ... .. ... .... . .. 122

.Multi-ColorBitMap Mode. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . ... 127

. SmoothScrolling 128

. Sprites 131

Defining a Sprite 131

Sprite Poi nters .................................... 133

Turning Sprites On 134

Turning Sprites Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 135

Colors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 135

Multi-Color Mode 135

Setting a Sprite to Multi-ColorMode. . . . . . .. . . ... . ... 136

Expanded Sprites 136

Sprite Positioning 137

Sprite PositioningSummary.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 143

SpriteDisplayPriorities.... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. .... 144

Collision Detects 144

.Other Graphics Features 150

Screen Blanking 150

Raster Reg ister .................................... 150

Interrupt Status Register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 151

Suggested Screen and Character Color Combinations... 152

.Programming Sprites-Another Look 153

Making Sprites in BASIC-A Short Program. ... . .. . . .. 153

Crunching Your Sprite Programs 156

Positioning Sprites on the Screen 157

Sprite Priorities .. ................................. 161

Drawing a Sprite 162

Creating a Sprite ...Step by Step 163

Moving YourSprite on the Screen. . .. . . .. . . .. . ... . . .. 165

VerticalScrolling.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 166

The Dancing Mouse-A Sprite Program Example. . . . . .. 166

EasySpritemakingChart.. . ... . ... . . .. . ... . . ... 176

SpritemakingNotes.. . .. . . .. . ... . . .. . . .. . . .. . ... . .. 177

4. PROGRAMMING SOUND AND MUSIC

ON YOUR COMMODORE 64 183

.Introduction 184

Volume Control 186

Frequencies of Sound Waves. . ...................... 186

.UsingMultipleVoices... . .. . .... . ... .. ... ... . 187

Controlling Multiple Voices 191

.Changing Waveforms ................................ 192

UnderstandingWaveforms..... .... . . ... .... 194

.The EnvelopeGenerator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 196

.Filtering 199

.Advanced Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 202

.Synchronization and Ring Modulation 207

5. BASICTOMACHINELANGUAGE 209

.What is Machine Language? ... ... ..... .... ..... ... ... 210

What Does Machine Code Look Like? ................. 211

Simple Memory Map of the Commodore 64 ............ 212

The Registers Inside the 6510 Microprocessor 213

.How Do You Write Machine Language Programs? 214

64MON 215

.HexadecimalNotation..... ... .... ..... .... .... .. 215

Your First Machine Language Instruction 218

Writing Your First Program 220

. Addressing Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 221

Zero Page 221

The Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 222

.Indexing 223

Indirect Indexed 223

Indexed Indirect 224

Branches and Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 226

.Subroutines 228

.Useful Tips for the Beginner 229

. Approaching a Large Task. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 230

.MCS6510 Microprocessor Instruction Set-

Alphabetic Sequence "'.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 232

Instruction Addressing Modes and

Related Execution Times. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 254

.Memory Management on the Commodore 64 ............. 260

.The KERNAL.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 268

.KERNALPower-Up Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 269

Howto Use the KERNAL.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 270

User Callable KERNALRoutines 272

Error Codes 306

.Using Machine Language From BASIC 307

Where to Put Machine Language Routines.. . . . . . . . . . .. 309

How to Enter Machine Language 309

. Commodore 64 MemoryMap ... ..... . ... .. 310

Commodore 64 Input/Output Assignments. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 320

6. INPUT/OUTPUT GUIDE... ........................... 335

.Introduction 336

.Output to the TV .................................... 336

.Output to Other Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 337

Output to Printer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 338

Output to Modem 339

WorkingWithCassetteTape. . ... .. ... ... .. ... .. .... 340

Data Storage on Floppy Diskettes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 342

.The Game Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 343

Paddles 346

Light Pen 348

.RS-232 Interface Description 348

General Outline 348

Opening an RS-232 Channel 349

Getting Data From an RS-232 Channel 352

Sending Data to an RS-232 Channel 353

Closing an RS-232 Data Channel 354

Sample BASIC Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 356

Receiver/Transmitter Buffer Base Location Pointers 357

Zero-Page Memory Locations and Usage

for RS-232System Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 358

Nonzero-Page Memory Locations and Usage

for RS-232System Interface.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 358

.The User Port. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 359

Port Pin Description 359

.The Serial Bus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 362

Serial Bus Pinouts ................................. 363

.The Expansion Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 366

.Z-80MicroprocessorCartridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 368

Using Commodore CP/M@ ........................... 369

Running Commodore CP/M@ ......................... 369

APPENDICES ........................................... 373

A. Abbreviations for BASICKeywords. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 374

B. Screen Display Codes 376

C. ASCIIand CHR$Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 379

D. Screen and Color MemoryMaps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 382

E. Music Note Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 384

F. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 388

G. VIC Chip Register Map 391

H. Deriving Mathematical Functions 394

I. Pinouts for Input/Output Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 395

J. Converting Standard BASIC Programs to

Commodore 64 BASIC 398

K. Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 400

L. 6510 Microprocessol Chip Specifications 402

M. 6526 Complex Interface Adapter (CIA)

Chip Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 419

N. 6566/6567 (VIC-II)Chip Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 436

O. 6581 Sound Interface Device (SID) Chip Specifications. .. 457

P. Glossary 482

INDEX 483

COMMODORE 64 QUICK REFERENCECARD 487

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE COMMODORE 64 . . ... 491

vii

INTRODUCTION

The COMMODORE64 PROGRAMMER'SREFERENCEGUIDE has been

developed as a working tool and reference source for those of you who

want to maximize your use of the built-in capabilities of your COMMO-

DORE64. Thismanual contains the information you need for your pro-

grams, from the simplest example all the way to the most complex. The

PROGRAMMER'SREFERENCEGUIDE is designed so that everyone from

the beginning BASIC programmer to the professional experienced in

6502 machine language can get information to develop his or her own

creative programs. At the same time this book shows you how clever

your COMMODORE 64 really is.

This REFERENCEGUIDE is not designed to teach the BASICpro-

gramming language or the 6502 machine language. There is, however,

an extensive glossary of terms and a "semi-tutorial" approach to many

of the sections in the book. If you don't already have a working knowl-

edge of BASIC and how to use it to program, we suggest that you study

the COMMODORE64 USER'SGUIDE that came with your computer. The

USER'SGUIDE gives you an easy to read introduction to the BASICpro-

gramming language. If you still have difficulty understanding how to use

BASIC then turn to the back of this book (or Appendix N in the USER'S

GUIDE) and check out the Bibliography.

The COMMODORE 64 PROGRAMMER'SREFERENCEGUIDE is just

that; a reference. Like most reference books, your ability to apply the

information creatively really depends on how much knowledge you have

about the subject. In other words if you are a novice programmer you

will not be able to use all the facts and figures in this book until you

expand your current programming knowledge.

What you can do with this book is to find a considerable amount of

valuable programming reference information written in easy to read,

plain English with the programmer's jargon explained. On the other

hand the programming professional will find all the information needed

to use the capabilities of the COMMODORE64 effectively.

WHAT'S INCLUDED?

. Our complete "BASIC dictionary" includes Commodore BASIC lan-

guage commands, statements and functions listed in alphabetical

order. We've created a "quick list" which contains all the words

and their abbreviations. This is followed by a section containing a

more detailed definition of each word along with sample BASIC

programs to illustrate how they work.

. If you need an introduction to using machine language with BASIC

programs our layman's overview will get you started.

. A powerful feature of all Commodore computers is called the KER-

NAL. It helps insure that the programs you write today can also be

used on your Commodore computer of tomorrow.

. The Input/Output Programming section gives you the opportunity to

use your computer to the limit. It describes how to hook-up and use

everything from lightpens and joysticks to disk drives, printers, and

telecommunication devices called modems.

.You can explore the world of SPRITES,programmable characters,

and high resolution graphics for the most detailed and advanced

animated pictures in the microcomputer industry.

. You can also enter the world of music synthesis and create your

own songs and sound effects with the best built-in synthesizer

available in any personal computer.

. If you're an experienced programmer, the soft load language sec-

tion gives you information about the COMMODORE64's ability to

run CP/M* and high level languages. This is in addition to BASIC.

Think of your COMMODORE64 PROGRAMMER'SREFERENCEGUIDE

as a useful tool to help you and you will enjoy the hours of programming

ahead of you.

.CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

x INTRODUCTION

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