Briel Computers Replica 1 Plus Manual de usuario
replica I
plus
Setup and Users Manual
JUNE 2014 PLUS EDITION
Briel Computers
Replica 1 plus Users Manual
All materials, schematics, and hardware designs provided without any warranties. Although this material has been carefully examined,
Briel omputers takes no responsibility for any errors in printing.
Version 3.0
Published by Briel omputers
13465 amino anada Suite 106-114
El ajon, A 92021
USA
opyright 2014 Briel omputers. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the
opyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a
database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be
entered, stored, and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.
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Replica 1 plus Users Manual
Forward
How the repli a 1 ame to be
Thank you for purchasing your replica 1 computer. I take pride in every kit and assembled replica that is
shipped and my goal is that all kits and assembled boards work as designed. In early 2001 I was an avid
collector of vintage computers. I had started with an Apple IIe because it was close to my first computer the
Apple II plus. I, like many people who get the urge to relive the vintage years of computing looked to eBay to
find my past. After receiving my first computer I found myself wanting a monitor, a disk drive, anything to
make it fully functional. I didn’t just want a mantle piece; I wanted to actually use my vintage machine.
After spending some time with my Apple I remembered other computers I had seen in magazines but couldn’t
afford at the time. I little searching and I was able to start a nice little collection of home computers. I was
addicted to vintage computing and collecting everything I could get my hands on.
I was really proud of the fact that every machine I owned, not only worked but I had software to run on them. I
was fast becoming an expert in the area of software conversion from the modern computer realm back to actual
vintage media like 5 ¼” disk.
Feeling proud that I had a nice collection going I stumbled upon the www.applefritter.com website. I felt pretty
versed with apple II hardware and I noticed a small forum there and poked in to read some of the posts. I didn’t
see anything out of the ordinary but I noticed a subject right above the Apple II section labeled Apple I. Well, I
had never seen an Apple I and had only herd the stories like most people about how Woz and Jobs started Apple
omputers from their garage. I had to read more.
I quickly learned that only about 50 Apple 1’s remained in existence from about 200 boards and they were
highly collectable and way out of my price range. I read a post where people talked about making a replica but
nobody was really stepping up to the plate. I have an education in engineering so I decided to take a look into
the Apple 1 hardware.
In March 2002 I wrote to the Applefritter forum requesting some information on the Apple 1 and I informed the
group of my intentions. I was well received and many former and current owners of Apple 1 computers gave me
information and documentation to get started.
With manuals and emails from owners in hand, I looked over every inch of the Apple 1. I quickly decided not to
use all the original components from the Apple 1 due to their lack of ability. Although there are chip suppliers
that carry surplus components, their prices and minimum orders are just out of the question. This left me with a
decision that many people questioned. I could have made the replica 1 look like the Apple 1 but in the spirit of
Woz, I choose to go with more modern components and reduce the chip count as low as possible.
I quickly found that I could interface 32K of RAM with no address decoding. Simply using Address line A15 as
the select line, I could activate the RAM chip with A15 off. So, if the replica 1 was looking anywhere in the
address range 0000-7FFF A15 would be low and RAM chip select activated. If the replica 1 was looking at
address range 8000-FFFF A15 would now be high and the RAM chip select would be deactivated. I added some
logic so that the access time of the RAM write cycle was only during PHI2 of the 6502’s clock. For this I used a
74LS00 NAND gate I . I needed to invert the R/W signal and AND in PHI2. This required 2 of the 4 NAND
gates in the I .
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My next step was to add some address decoding so the replica 1 accessed the I/O chip 6821 PIA and ROM at
the same addresses the Apple 1 used. I used a 74LS138 to decode addressing for both the 6821 and an 8K
EEPROM. I also made sure that the space for BASI (E000-EFFF) was EEPROM so BASI could be stored in
ROM.
I now had a core PU section replicated from the Apple 1. I still had no video section and I needed to build a
prototype. After some delays I finally built a prototype on wire-wrap and tested it. It didn’t work. I needed to
troubleshoot the board but my free time was very hard to come by and the replica sat on the shelf for a few
months.
In November of 2002 I received an email from Leander Kahney of Wired Magazine. He had been reading on
the replica project and wanted to interview me. My first reaction was, “Why me?” I had no idea the cult
following that Apple had. I really was fond of Apple since the beginning but Apple has such loyal owners and
they love everything that involves the history. So, here I am on the phone with Leander as he is asking me
questions about why I am doing the project, and when will it be completed and what will I be selling these for?
What? I didn’t have the heart to tell him that the project is on the self, that I have no idea what to sell these for
even if I had a working version. Little did Leander know that because of him, the replica 1 was pulled off the
shelf and completed. I started from scratch, and created a breadboard version of the replica 1. This time it
worked… Sort of… Well, the I/O chip, the 6821 was sending binary code for a “\” which means that the replica
was seeing a reset and the Woz monitor was trying to output a “\” to a TV monitor. Now I needed a video
solution.
Right after the Wired article was released, I received an email from Greg Glawitsch. He stated his interest in the
project and said that he had a “down and dirty” solution to the video problem. His answer was to use a
microcontroller to output TV text like the video terminal section of the manual. He offered to help by writing
the firmware to do this and it would only require a couple external I ’s to help the microcontroller. Wow, 3
chips to do what took about 24 on the Apple 1. This was perfect. And with some work with Greg, we had a
working video section.
In August 2003 the first of the replica prototypes were being made. I didn’t have a name for the board yet and
simply called it A1 replica. I also just put my initials on the board with the year 2003. Shortly after my first
prototypes were built, I created Briel omputers. At this stage my old high school friend hris contacted Woz
through his webmaster asking for permission to use the Apple 1 code. His approval of the project prompted
another Wired article.
In October 2003, the first replica 1’s was being built and thus completing a 20 year old dream to design and sell
my very own computer. Thanks to Woz for being such a strong influence and great guy to give the ok for this
project.
Over ten years have now past and the replica 1 continues to evolve with new power supply connections,
different controller for video and other enhancements but the core machine is the same as it was from the
beginning.
Vince Briel
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Replica 1 plus Users Manual
Setup and Users Manual
Index
Chapter 1: A Brief History of the Apple 1
Chapter 2: Introdu ing the repli a 1 plus
Chapter 3: Unpa king and Setting Up
Chapter 4: Assembling Kit Version
Chapter 5: Programming the repli a 1
Chapter 6: Using The USB to Serial Interfa e
Chapter 7: Using the Krusader Assembler
Chapter 8: Troubleshooting your repli a 1
Appendix A: ASCII Keyboard Pin Out
Appendix B: Repli a 1 Memory Map
Appendix C: Monitor Listing
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Replica 1 plus Users Manual
Chapter 1: A brief History of the Apple 1
Steve Wozniak had designed and built many different little projects before the Apple 1 computer. The Apple 1
was not even his first computer design. He had designed the “cream soda computer” long before the Apple 1.
He had even designed a TV terminal that could be hooked up to a mainframe computer using a keyboard and
your TV as the display. Of course he also built the infamous “blue box” so people could phone phreak and
make free long distance calls. It wasn’t until Woz decided to combine two projects, and make one complete
computer never seen on the market before. He designed a single board computer and combined his TV terminal
to create what is today known as the Apple 1 omputer. He first presented the project to the Homebrew
omputer lub and it was well received. At that time, the only major computer out there was the Altair 8800
and that only came with LED’s and switches. The Apple 1 had a keyboard and a monitor. When he showed this
to his friend Steve Jobs, Jobs was excited and immediately wanted to make more to sell.
Figure 1: A tual Apple 1 Computer
In April 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak decided to start Apple omputer ompany. It was based on a
computer design that Wozniak had completed making a computer that could display text on a TV and use a
keyboard without any additional boards. One board could do all of this. While it wasn’t the first home
computer, it was the first to give you all of these features on one board without any addition hardware. No
entering code by flipping switches and looking at LED’s. You could actually sit down at a table and type code
into the computer using a standard keyboard. Steve Jobs saw something great in this project and was eager to
start selling these boards.
Woz distributed schematics and source code listings for the Apple 1 computer at the Homebrew omputer lub
meetings in Northern alifornia bay area. Steve Jobs knew that there was enough interest in the boards at the
Homebrew club to sell boards to the members. 200 boards were printed and most of them were assembled but
not all of them. They assembled boards at night in Job’s parents’ garage and sold some to the Homebrew lub.
It wasn’t until a local computer store purchased $50,000 worth of boards that anything significant had
happened. After that, things changed.
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They knew they had a great product and that the average person could have a computer on their kitchen table.
Woz quickly worked on a BAI for the Apple 1 but it still lacked a means of storage. Shortly after the Apple
1’s release, Woz designed a cassette interface simply named the A I (Apple assette Interface). This interface
allowed the user to store programs onto an audio tape using simple 1 and 2Kh signals to store the data.
While the new interface was being designed and BASI was being written, the end of the Apple 1 was already
near. Woz was already working on the next version of his design. While many people thought the Apple II was
the same as the Apple 1 with just more features, the Apple II was a completely new design from scratch. This
new design could do color and using processor accessible RAM; you could do graphics and more. While this
was all being designed, the Apple 1 was still being made and sold.
BAI was finally released and that gave the Apple 1 a high level language for people to program in. This BAI
was not only written for the Apple 1, but it was also written for the Apple II at the same time. As a matter of
fact, if you look at a disassembly of the Apple 1 BAIS you will see some commands built in that are
impossible to perform, such as OLOR. There was no color graphics on the Apple 1, only text.
As soon as the Apple II was release, Jobs wanted to get rid of all the Apple 1 computers. He offered deals, like
half off an Apple II with the trade in of your old Apple 1. He so wanted to get rid of the Apple 1, that rumor has
it, he even gave some Apple II’s for even exchanges. Some he handed to engineers and programmers at Apple
to use, others he chopped up with a band saw. So, while there were 200 boards made from the board house, not
all were assembled and many were destroyed on the exchange program.
Today, approximately 50 Apple 1’s are known to exist making it one of the most sought after vintage
computers. Some auctions have fetched upwards of $50,000 for an Apple 1 but the average selling price is
around $150,000.
Figure 2: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak shown with an Apple 1 omputer in 1976
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Replica 1 plus Users Manual
Chapter 2: Introdu ing the repli a I plus omputer
The replica 1 computer was designed to give those people a chance to see what an Apple I computer looked and
acted like. Most people have never seen an Apple 1 running and the replica 1 helps us see what Woz had
created. The goal of the replica 1 project is to simulate the functional aspects of the Apple 1 so that all hardware
and software designed for the Apple 1 can be used. The plus is based on the limited edition tenth anniversary
edition shown below.
Figure 3: Key omponent features on the limited edition repli a 1 ten
Not just a simple hobby board. The replica 1 contains features such as Apple 1 compatible expansion slot, and a
USB connection for power and serial to USB connection. The USB to serial port allows you to run a terminal
program on your Mac or P and you can load and store programs to/from your P to the replica 1. The USB
mini connector gives a modern standard so there is no more hunting for power supplies. Most USB power
supplies with at least 500mA will work great. We even offer a power supply and cable if you can't find one.
Firmware upgradeable: The replica 1 ten includes a Parallax Propeller micro-controller for the onboard I/O. The
source code is open source and is included with the replica 1 on the D and updates can be made via free
software to program the Propeller from Parallax website. Programmers are welcome and encouraged to use the
Briel omputers forum to announce custom developed features and improvements to the firmware. The owner
takes all responsibility for any firmware installed that is not released or approved by Briel omputers. Using
untested firmware could damage the replica 1 plus, however with the Parallax software, restoring is easy.
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Replica 1 plus Users Manual
The original 40 pin header that was offered on the previous versions of the replica 1 is now gone. It still remains
on the 3 slot expansion board for those who want to do their own hardware experiments.
As well as being able to run all the original Apple 1 software and hardware, the replica 1 has the capability to
use modern hardware like a ps/2 keyboard and use a standard USB connector power supply. The added USB
serial port gives the user the ability to download programs right from your P or Mac into the replica 1 making
software sharing possible.
Figure 4: Logi diagram of repli a 1 plus omputer
Keeping a simple design structure was important with the replica 1. hip reduction is the way Woz designed the
Apple 1 and the replica 1 follows in its path. Only 8 I chips are now on the replica 1 plus the serial USB
adapter making it the most efficient replica 1 ever. The replica 1 ten continues uses the new Parallax Propeller
as the I/O controller plus it is now the master 1MHz clock and replaces 1 I for logic. This new micro-
controller has the ability to handle all I/O including video, serial, and PS/2 port.
While the replica 1 has been in production for over 10 years, it is always a work in progress. Sometimes bugs
and fixes come up and changes to the board are always discussed on the replica 1 forums. For the latest in
design changes and modifications, see the replica 1 forum at:
http://www.brielcomputers.com/phpBB2/
The replica 1 plus is currently the most advanced replica Apple 1 produced. It encompasses features as
requested by current or future owners of replica 1, as well as design improvements, bug fixes and other
enhancements. All revisions remain mostly backward compatible with the original replica 1.
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Replica 1 plus Users Manual
Chapter 3: Unpa king and Setting up system.
Before you begin setting up your replica 1 computer, make sure you have plenty of table space. Do not power
up the unit while touching any part of the circuit board and contact Briel computers if you are unsure about any
part of the setup process.
You will need the following items to get your replica 1 up and running:
1. The repli a 1 system board.
2. Mini USB onne tor to PC/Ma or power supply.
3. PS/2 PC style keyboard
4. A TV with omposite video in, or a omposite omputer monitor.
5. A video able to atta h to the TV from the repli a 1.
Place or mount the replica 1 board so that it is secured. Make sure no metal objects can touch the circuit board
or damage could result. Next you need to choose what type of power supply you are going to use. There are two
ways you can power your replica 1 plus. The mini USB cable is not only the serial port but also the power
source. If you intend on using the replica 1 ten just off your computer, you don't need a power supply. Try not
to use the replica 1 connected to a USB hub as the power requirements are different than a direct port.
Using a serial terminal program on your computer you can choose to use that as your keyboard and display if
you wish or connect a PS/2 or AS II keyboard and video monitor.
Figure 5: Mini USB onne tion for power and USB to serial port onne tion
Once you have the power source connected, you can attach your monitor or TV to the replica 1 with a standard
composite video cable. Most modern TV’s have a composite input located on the back of the TV. Plug your
R A style cable into the back of your TV or monitor and locate the video connector as shown and plug your
cable (not supplied) into the replica 1 (figure 6). The replica 1 ten was designed for NTS but the driver is
listed as being PAL ready. We can provide a PAL version on the D but can not test it at the moment.
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Tabla de contenidos
